Histoire et archéologie des châteaux médiévaux japonais

L’émergence d’une archéologie médiévale Depuis une trentaine d’années, la connaissance de la société médiévale japonaise a considérablement évolué, avec de nouveaux questionnements liés à la pratique grandissante de l’interdisciplinarité. Les rapprochements intellectuels, notamment entre historiens des textes et archéologues, se sont révélés particulièrement féconds. Jusque dans les années 1960-1970, l’archéologie (discipline qui a, dans l’archipel, plus d’un siècle d’histoire) ne s’intéressa..

Le marxisme au Japon, entre émeutes du riz et répression généralisée (1918-1938)

Dans les années 1920 et 1930, le marxisme prend racine au Japon avant d’être contraint au silence par la répression. Il produit en ce temps une pensée nouvelle, « moderne » et ouverte, à l’origine de nombreux débats qui traversent la société dans son ensemble. La question de la nature spécifique du capitalisme japonais et donc de la société issue de la révolution de Meiji(1868-1873) devient centrale pour comprendre la nature de la future révolution. En creux, se profile le débat sur la nature « bourgeoise » ou non du mouvement qui met fin au régime féodal des Tokugawa avec un impensé qui est constant : celui de la comparaison avec la Révolution française de 1789. L’article passe en revue les différents apports du marxisme japonais aux sciences sociales et à la compréhension de la société contemporaine.In the 1920s and 1930s, Marxism sets roots in Japan, before it is reduced to silence by oppression. During that time, it becomes the source of a new, “modern” and open school of thought that sparks numerous debates across the whole of the Japanese society. The issue of the peculiar nature of Japan’s capitalism and, as such, of the society established by the Meiji Revolution (1868–1873), has become central to understand the nature of the future revolution. Underneath that looms the debate about whether the movement that led to the end of the Tokugawa’s feudal regime was of a “bourgeois” nature or not, along with a constant, but silent, issue: comparing it with the French Revolution of 1789. This article will analyse the various inputs from Japan’s Marxism to social sciences and to the understanding of the society of that time

Thomann Bernard, La Naissance de l’État social japonais. Biopolitique, travail et citoyenneté dans le Japon impérial (1868‑1945), Paris, Les Presses de Sciences Po, 2015, 450 p.

Le livre de Bernard Thomann est la publication d’une excellente étude présentée en 2013 dans le cadre d’une habilitation à diriger les recherches (HDR). Dans ce travail, l’auteur revient sur certaines questions fondamentales pour quiconque s’intéresse à l’histoire du Japon impérial, notamment la manière de gouverner les populations laborieuses et, entre autres, de gérer leur vulnérabilité. L’ouvrage est divisé en quatre parties chronologiques à peu près égales en importance. Une première part..

Galan Christian, Olivier Jean‑Marc (dir.), 2016, Histoire du et au Japon : de 1853 à nos jours, Éditions Privat, Toulouse, 351 p.

Comme la plupart des ouvrages collectifs, le livre dirigé par Christian Galan et Jean‑Marc Olivier est issu d’un colloque, organisé dans ce cas précis à Toulouse en mai 2012. Il regroupe en tout dix‑huit contributions, d’une quinzaine de pages chacune, auxquelles il faut ajouter la longue mais belle introduction au volume de Carol Gluck. Ainsi que le rappellent les directeurs du projet en avant-propos, ce livre a un objet principal : ne pas « se satisfaire du récit occidental » des choses, et..

Les émeutes du riz de 1918 : le grand tournant

Au cours de l’été 1918, le Japon est confronté à une flambée de violences, les émeutes du riz. Après avoir retracé le contexte politique, économique et social de l’époque à l’issue de la guerre, alors que le pays s’apprête à intervenir en Sibérie, l’auteur s’attache à décrire les manifestations concrètes de ces émeutes : l’inflation déclenche la colère des populations, les femmes des ports de la mer du Japon d’abord, avant de toucher presque l’ensemble du pays. Quelles forces sociales ­entrèrent-elles en action ? Pourquoi ? Comment ces émeutes furent-elles analysées par les commentateurs de l’époque ? Quel est leur sens profond ? Dernières émeutes d’Ancien Régime ou annonce d’une conflictualité sociale nouvelle ?1918年夏の間、暴力の激化した米騒動が起こった。筆者は、シベリア出兵をひかえた日本の第一次世界大戦後の政治的、経済的、社会的背景をなぞり、これらの暴動におけるデモが具体的にどのような形を取ってきたかを明らかにした。日本海の港の女沖仕をはじめとする市民の怒りが膨らみ、後にほぼ日本全土で米騒動が起こった。どのような社会的な力が市民を突き動かしたのか？それはなぜか？当時の知識人たちの反応は？今日どのように解釈できるか？旧体制最後の暴動か、それとも、新しい社会の紛争状態の兆しか？In the summer of 1918 Japan was hit by a wave of violent protests: the rice riots. After re-examining the social, political and economic context of the time, with WWI over and Japan poised to take part in the Siberian Intervention, the author seeks to describe the concrete form these riots took: the inflation that enraged the Japanese people, starting with women in coastal towns along the Sea of Japan, before spreading across the country. What social forces were at work and why? How were the riots analysed by commentators of the day? What was their deeper meaning? Were they the last riots of the Old Regime or the sign of a new form of social conflict

History at Stake in East Asia

Proceedings of the International Symposium organized by Rosa CAROLI, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, and Pierre-François SOUYRI, University of Geneva (Venice, November 2010). CONTENTS: Rosa CAROLI, Pierre-François SOUYRI, \u2028Foreword p. vii. PART 1 THINKING MODERNITY IN EAST ASIA: Brij TANKHA, \u2028Religion and Modernity in Meiji Japan: Strengthening the People p. 3; Kent G. DENG, Role of the State and State-building in Modern China:\u2028Review and New Insight p. 21; Rosa CAROLI\u2028 Bearers of Modernity: The West, Japan and Its Peripheries p. 53. PART 2 WRITING HISTORY: Pierre-François SOUYRI, Representations of the “History of Japan” During the Meiji Era:\u2028Future at Stake p. 73; Arnaud NANTA\u2028, The Japanese Colonial Historiography in Korea (1905-1945) p. 83; Laurent NESPOULOUS, Memories from Beyond the Past. Grasping Prehistoric Times \u2028in Japan: The Birth and Evolution of an “Archaeological Consciousness” (Seventeenth to Twentieth Centuries) p. 107; Guido SAMARANI, Recent Trends in Chinese Historiography and the Debate\u2028on the 1911 Revolution p. 119. PART 3 NATIONALISING HISTORY: Samuel GUEX\u2028, Overcoming the Frame of National History in South Korea p. 131; Laura DE GIORGI, Learning History in Globalizing China: An Overview \u2028of Chinese High-school History Textbooks p. 155. PART 4 GLOBALISING HISTORY: Patrick Karl O’BRIEN, The Debate on Economic Divergence Between the Occident \u2028and the Orient. An Essay in Bibliography and Criticism p. 173. List of Contributors p. 197; Abstracts p. 199

History at Stake in East Asia

Proceedings of the International Symposium organized by Rosa CAROLI, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, and Pierre-François SOUYRI, University of Geneva (Venice, November 2010). CONTENTS: Rosa CAROLI, Pierre-François SOUYRI, \u2028Foreword p. vii. PART 1 THINKING MODERNITY IN EAST ASIA: Brij TANKHA, \u2028Religion and Modernity in Meiji Japan: Strengthening the People p. 3; Kent G. DENG, Role of the State and State-building in Modern China:\u2028Review and New Insight p. 21; Rosa CAROLI\u2028 Bearers of Modernity: The West, Japan and Its Peripheries p. 53. PART 2 WRITING HISTORY: Pierre-François SOUYRI, Representations of the “History of Japan” During the Meiji Era:\u2028Future at Stake p. 73; Arnaud NANTA\u2028, The Japanese Colonial Historiography in Korea (1905-1945) p. 83; Laurent NESPOULOUS, Memories from Beyond the Past. Grasping Prehistoric Times \u2028in Japan: The Birth and Evolution of an “Archaeological Consciousness” (Seventeenth to Twentieth Centuries) p. 107; Guido SAMARANI, Recent Trends in Chinese Historiography and the Debate\u2028on the 1911 Revolution p. 119. PART 3 NATIONALISING HISTORY: Samuel GUEX\u2028, Overcoming the Frame of National History in South Korea p. 131; Laura DE GIORGI, Learning History in Globalizing China: An Overview \u2028of Chinese High-school History Textbooks p. 155. PART 4 GLOBALISING HISTORY: Patrick Karl O’BRIEN, The Debate on Economic Divergence Between the Occident \u2028and the Orient. An Essay in Bibliography and Criticism p. 173. List of Contributors p. 197; Abstracts p. 199

A roadmap for the Human Developmental Cell Atlas

The Human Developmental Cell Atlas (HDCA) initiative, which is part of the Human Cell Atlas, aims to create a comprehensive reference map of cells during development. This will be critical to understanding normal organogenesis, the effect of mutations, environmental factors and infectious agents on human development, congenital and childhood disorders, and the cellular basis of ageing, cancer and regenerative medicine. Here we outline the HDCA initiative and the challenges of mapping and modelling human development using state-of-the-art technologies to create a reference atlas across gestation. Similar to the Human Genome Project, the HDCA will integrate the output from a growing community of scientists who are mapping human development into a unified atlas. We describe the early milestones that have been achieved and the use of human stem-cell-derived cultures, organoids and animal models to inform the HDCA, especially for prenatal tissues that are hard to acquire. Finally, we provide a roadmap towards a complete atlas of human development

Recent advances in the bcr-abl negative chronic myeloproliferative diseases

The chronic myeloproliferative disorders are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders of unknown etiology. In one of these (chronic myeloid leukemia), there is an associated pathognomonic chromosomal abnormality known as the Philadelphia chromosome. This leads to constitutive tyrosine kinase activity which is responsible for the disease and is used as a target for effective therapy. This review concentrates on the search in the other conditions (polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and idiopathic mylofibrosis) for a similar biological marker with therapeutic potential. There is no obvious chromosomal marker in these conditions and yet evidence of clonality can be obtained in females by the use of X-inactivation patterns. PRV-1mRNA over expression, raised vitamin B(12 )levels and raised neutrophil alkaline phosphatase scores are evidence that cells in these conditions have received excessive signals for proliferation, maturation and reduced apoptosis. The ability of erythroid colonies to grow spontaneously without added external erythropoietin in some cases, provided a useful marker and a clue to this abnormal signaling. In the past year several important discoveries have been made which go a long way in elucidating the involved pathways. The recently discovered JAK2 V617F mutation which occurs in the majority of cases of polycythemia vera and in about half of the cases with the two other conditions, enables constitutive tyrosine kinase activity without the need for ligand binding to hematopoietic receptors. This mutation has become the biological marker for these conditions and has spurred the development of a specific therapy to neutralize its effects. The realization that inherited mutations in the thrombopoietin receptor (c-Mpl) can cause a phenotype of thrombocytosis such as in Mpl Baltimore (K39N) and in a Japanese family with S505A, has prompted the search for acquired mutations in this receptor in chronic myeloproliferative disease. Recently, two mutations have been found; W515L and W515K. These mutations have been evident in patients with essential thrombocythemia and idiopathic myelofibrosis but not in polycythemia vera. They presumably act by causing constitutional, activating conformational changes in the receptor. The discovery of JAK2 and Mpl mutations is leading to rapid advancements in understanding the pathophysiology and in the treatment of these diseases

J Clin Invest

Arterial cardiovascular events are the leading cause of death in patients with JAK2V617F myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). However, their mechanisms are poorly understood. The high prevalence of myocardial infarction without significant coronary stenosis or atherosclerosis in patients with MPN suggests that vascular function is altered. Consequences of JAK2V617F mutation on vascular reactivity are unknown. We observe here increased responses to vasoconstrictors in arteries from Jak2V617F mice, resulting from disturbed endothelial nitric oxide pathway and increased endothelial oxidative stress. This response was reproduced in wild-type mice by circulating microvesicles isolated from patients carrying JAK2V617F and by erythrocyte-derived microvesicles from transgenic mice. Microvesicles of other cellular origins had no effect. This effect was observed ex vivo on isolated aortas, but also in vivo on femoral arteries. Proteomic analysis of microvesicles derived from JAK2V617F erythrocytes identified increased expression of myeloperoxidase as the likely mechanism accounting for microvesicles effect. Myeloperoxidase inhibition in microvesicles derived from JAK2V617F erythrocytes supressed their effect on oxidative stress. Antioxidants, such as simvastatin and N-acetyl-cysteine, improved arterial dysfunction in Jak2V617F mice. In conclusion, JAK2V617F MPN are characterized by exacerbated vasoconstrictor responses resulting from increased endothelial oxidative stress caused by circulating erythrocyte-derived microvesicles. Simvastatin appears as promising therapeutic strategy in this setting