Biomass estimates of Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, in California from the 1990-91 spawning-ground surveys

The spawning biomass of Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, estimated from spawning-ground surveys in San Francisco Bay declined to 45,850 tons this season, following a peak of 71,000 tons in the 1989-90 season. This is the first major decline since the 1983-84 El Nino. In Tomales Bay the 1990-91 spawning biomass more than doubled to 779 tons. The spawning biomass has increased the past two seasons, while the fishery has been closed. There was no biomass estimate for Bodega Bay, but an additional 95 tons of herring were caught in Bodega Bay this season. The total herring biomass for the Tomales- Bodega area is a minimum of 874 tons. Humboldt Bay was surveyed by the Department for the first time this season, and spawning biomass was estimated to be 400 tons. January was the month of peak spawning activity in all spawning areas surveyed. In San Francisco Bay, 62% of all spawning occurred alonq the San Francisco waterfront; for the first time there was no significant spawninq in the northern part of the bay. Nearly 70% of the spawning activity in San Francisco Bay occurred on January 3-6, 1991. A total of 3.5 million m2 of eelgrass, Zostera marina, was measured in Tomales Bay this season. The change in eelgrass density this season varied from bed to bed, however the overall density of eelgrass in Tomales Bay declined. (44pp.

Biological characteristics of the catch from the 1990-91 Pacific Herring, Clupea pallasi, roe fishery in California

The Tomales-Bodega Bay catch during the past two seasons has been from the northern part of Bodega Bay, due to the closure of the Tomales Bay fishery. In the Tomales-Bodega Bay area, 4-, 5-, and 6-yr-old herring Clupea pallasi, comprised 79% by number of the 1990-91 season's gill net catch. The number of 4-yr olds (1987 year class) increased to 21% of the gill net catch. Four-yr olds are an indicator of recruitment strength into the gill net fishery. Average length of herring in the Tomales-Bodega Bay area gill net catch decreased due to a shift to younger herring in the catch, as well as, poor growth characteristics during 1990. Herring age and size data obtained from Tomales Bay with a variable mesh research gill net were similar to data from San Francisco Bay obtained with the same net. All age classes were taken and herring ranged in length from 148 mm to 226 mm. In San Francisco Bay, the age composition of the gill net catch was also primarily 4-, 5-, and 6-yr-old herring, which comprised 79% of the catch. In the round haul fishery 2- and 3-yr-old herring dominated, comprising 72% of the catch. The average length of herring in the San Francisco Bay gill net and round haul catches decreased. Both are the lowest recorded average lengths by the respective gear types except for the 1983-84 El Nino season. Observed poor growth characteristics this season are attributed to reduced upwelling off central California in 1990. (26pp.

Biomass estimates of Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, in California from the 1981-82 spawning ground surveys

The spawning biomass of Pacific herring in San Francisco Bay and Tomales Bay was estimated to be 99,495 tons and 7,149 tons, respectively during the 1981-82 season. This is the highest estimate to date for San Francisco Bay and continues a rising trend in abundance. The Tomales Bay population increased to the highest level in 4 years. (22pp.

Biological characteristics of the catch from 1984-85 Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, roe fishery in California

In Tomales Bay, 5-, 6-, and 7-yr-old herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, composed 75% by number of the 1984-85 season's catch. In San Francisco Bay, 2-, 3-, and 4-yr-old herring composed 82% by number of the roundhaul catch, and 5-, 6-, and 7-yr-old herring composed 68% by number of the gill net catch. The percent of 4-yr-old herring increased to a record high level in the San Francisco Bay gill net catch. Recruitment of 2-yr-old herring into the San Francisco Bay roundhaul fishery was excellent, with 2-yr-old herring composing 41% of the catch. The growth rate of herring improved in both Tomales and San Francisco Bays, after the period of poor growth during the recent El Nino, when the weight of herring averaged 20% below normal. (23pp.

Biological characteristics of the catch from the 1985-86 Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, roe fishery in California

In Tomales Bay, 4-, 5-, and 6-yr-old herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, composed 70% by number of the 1985-86 season's catch. In San Francisco Bay, 2-, 3-, and 4-yr-old herring composed 78% by number of the roundhaul catch, and 4- and 5-yr-old herring composed 64% by number of the gill net catch. The percent of 4-yr-old herring in both the Tomales Bay catch (25% and San Francisco Bay gill net catch (39%) is at a high level for the second year in a row. Recruitment of 2-yr-old herring into the San Francisco Bay roundhaul fishery was about average, with 2-yr-old herring composing 33% of the catch. The mean length of herring in the San Francisco Bay roundhaul catch increased to 178 mm BL, while the mean length of the gill net catch remained 196 mm BL. The mean length of the Tomales Bay catch decreased to 198 mm BL due to the increased number of 3- and 4-yr-old herring in the catch. (18pp.

Biological characteristics of the catch from the 1986-87 Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, roe fishery in California

In Tomales Bay, 4-, 5-, and 6-yr-old herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, composed 85% by number of the 1986-87 season's catch. In San Francisco Bay, 2-, 3-, and 4-yr-old herring composed 88% of the roundhaul catch, and 4-, 5-, and 6-yr-old herring composed 86% by number of the gill net catch. The age composition of both the Tomales Bay and San Francisco Bay gill net catch has shifted to primarily 4-, 5-, and 6-yr-old herring. Recruitment of 2-yr-old herring into the San Francisco Bay roundhaul fishery was good, with the 1985 yr class composing 37% of the catch. The mean length of herring in the San Francisco Bay roundhaul catch decreased to 174 mm BL, and the mean length of the gill net catch decreased to 194 mm BL. The mean length of the Tomales Bay catch also decreased to 197 mm BL. Average weight at age of Tomales Bay herring is below average for the fourth consecutive year. In San Francisco Bay the average weight at age is above average, even though length at age declined slightly. (20pp.

Advances in procedural techniques--antegrade.

There have been many technological advances in antegrade CTO PCI, but perhaps most importantly has been the evolution of the "hybrid' approach where ideally there exists a seamless interplay of antegrade wiring, antegrade dissection re-entry and retrograde approaches as dictated by procedural factors. Antegrade wire escalation with intimal tracking remains the preferred initial strategy in short CTOs without proximal cap ambiguity. More complex CTOs, however, usually require either a retrograde or an antegrade dissection re-entry approach, or both. Antegrade dissection re-entry is well suited to long occlusions where there is a healthy distal vessel and limited "interventional" collaterals. Early use of a dissection re-entry strategy will increase success rates, reduce complications, and minimise radiation exposure, contrast use as well as procedural times. Antegrade dissection can be achieved with a knuckle wire technique or the CrossBoss catheter whilst re-entry will be achieved in the most reproducible and reliable fashion by the Stingray balloon/wire. It should be avoided where there is potential for loss of large side branches. It remains to be seen whether use of newer dissection re-entry strategies will be associated with lower restenosis rates compared with the more uncontrolled subintimal tracking strategies such as STAR and whether stent insertion in the subintimal space is associated with higher rates of late stent malapposition and stent thrombosis. It is to be hoped that the algorithms, which have been developed to guide CTO operators, allow for a better transfer of knowledge and skills to increase uptake and acceptance of CTO PCI as a whole