Stroke in women — from evidence to inequalities

Stroke is the second largest cause of disability-adjusted life-years lost worldwide. The prevalence of stroke in women is predicted to rise rapidly, owing to the increasing average age of the global female population. Vascular risk factors differ between women and men in terms of prevalence, and evidence increasingly supports the clinical importance of sex differences in stroke. The influence of some risk factors for stroke — including diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation — are stronger in women, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy also affect the risk of stroke decades after pregnancy. However, in an era of evidence-based medicine, women are notably under-represented in clinical trials — despite governmental actions highlighting the need to include both men and women in clinical trials — resulting in a reduced generalizability of study results to women. The aim of this Review is to highlight new insights into specificities of stroke in women, to plan future research priorities, and to influence public health policies to decrease the worldwide burden of stroke in women

Is Australia a tectonically stable continent? Analysis of a myth and suggested morphological evidence of tectonism

Occasional references to the relative tectonic instability of the Australian continent have been published over the last hundred years or so. Youthful tectonic forms were described from various parts of the continent throughout that period. Despite this, it was repeatedly claimed that the shield lands in particular were tectonically stable, and as recently as this century reference has been made to a concept embracing a tectonically inert continent. However, some 60 years ago, the accumulated evidence convinced E.S. Hills that in Australia all land surfaces, including the shield lands, and even recent alluvial plains, were tectonically disturbed. This conclusion was reinforced by analyses of seismicity and faulting; by regional geological mapping that revealed widely distributed tectonic forms and especially fault-related features, many of them of neotectonic age; by technological advances that allow faulting episodes to be closely dated; by the recognition of underprinting; and by the realization that many minor forms, previously unrecognized or attributed to other mechanisms or processes, are associated with crustal stress and are of tectonic origin. Thus, while Australia is a relatively stable continent, it is subject to widespread small-magnitude earth movements. Ironically, in view of earlier thinking, neotectonic forms may be better developed and preserved on the shields than elsewhere.C. R. Twidal