Epoxy resin/phosphonium ionic liquid/carbon nanofiller systems: Chemorheology and properties

Epoxy nanocomposites with commercial carbon nanotubes (CNT) or graphene (GN) have been prepared using phosphonium ionic liquid [trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate, IL-f]. IL-f served simultaneously as nanofiller dispersing medium and epoxy resin catalytic curing agent. An influence of IL-f/epoxy weight ratio (3, 6 and 9/100, phr), carbon nanofiller type and content on viscosity of epoxy compositions during storage at ambient temperature was evaluated. Curing process was controlled for neat and CNT or GN modified epoxy compositions (0.25-1.0 wt.% load) using differential scanning calorimetry and rheometry. Epoxy nanocomposites exhibited slightly increased glass transition temperature values (146 to 149°C) whereas tan δ and storage modulus decreased (0.30 to 0.27 and 2087 to 1070 MPa, respectively) as compared to reference material. Crosslink density regularly decreased for composites with increasing CNT content (11 094 to 7 020 mol/m3). Electrical volume resistivity of the nanocomposites was improved in case of CNT to 4•101 Ω•m and GN to 2•105 Ω•m (nanofiller content 1 wt.%). Flame retardancy was found for modified epoxy materials with as low GN and phosphorus content as 0.25 and 0.7 wt.%, respectively (increase of limiting oxygen index to 26.5%)

“Serial killers are interesting, they’re not heroes”: Moral boundaries, identity management, and emotional work within an online community

This research project examines the functioning of one specific serial murderer fandom community present online. Using ethnographic content analysis, the fandom was shown to undergo the creation, reinforcement and subversion of its own moral boundaries, undertake strategies of identity management in relation to their fan identity, and undergo emotion work to cope with the realities of serial murderers

El teatro del oprimido/a desde un enfoque de género. Dos casos de estudio: Madalena-Teatro das Oprimidas y Grupo Marias do Brasil

El cuerpo humano es la primera palabra del lenguaje teatral. Conociendo nuestro cuerpo y haciéndolo más expresivo desarrollamos las producciones teatrales, por ejemplo a través de la técnicas del Teatro del Oprimido/a. El citado teatro permite a las personas liberarse de la condición de espectadores y convertirse en protagonistas tanto en el teatro como en la vida. Además, el escenario teatral se entiende aquí como la representación de la realidad, mientras que la vida se percibe a través de una metáfora del teatro. Las técnicas teatrales ayudan a las personas participantes a intensificar su conciencia social y política y explorar las posibles alternativas a sus opresiones. Por otra parte, ya que actúan y se observan a sí mismas/os en la acción se conviertan en espect-actrices y espect-actores (Boal, 2008). En este trabajo, aplico el enfoque de género. Me distancio de las imágenes estereotipadas e ideológicamente contaminadas de las mujeres y profundizo en el tema de las representaciones teatrales de las experiencias de las mujeres. Presento el trabajo teatral de dos grupos de mujeres de Brasil: las participantes de los proyectos Madalena - Teatro das Oprimidas, cuyo enfoque principal es la superación de las opresiones femeninas que se originan y tienen sus raíces en los cuerpos de las mujeres, y el Grupo Marias do Brasil, compuesto por mujeres que trabajan como empleadas domésticas y que, a través del teatro intentan compartir sus experiencias y promover sus derechos. Por tanto, me centro en el potencial del teatro entendido aquí como lenguaje corporal transformador y, finalmente, reflexiono sobre las posibles relaciones entre teatro, cuerpo y vida.The human body is the first word in theatrical language. By knowing our bodies and making them more expressive we develop theatrical productions, for example through the techniques of the social theatre. In this paper, I focus on the type of social theater called Theatre of the Oppressed. The aforesaid theatre allows the individuals to free themselves from the condition of spectators and become protagonists, both in theatre and in real life. Moreover, the stage is understood here as the representation of reality while life is perceived through the theatre as a metaphor. The theatrical techniques help the participating individuals to intensify their social and political consciousness and explore the possible alternatives to their oppressions. Furthermore, since they act and observe themselves in the action they become spect-actors (Boal, 2008). In this paper, I apply a gender approach. I distance myself from the stereotypical and ideologically contaminated images of women and I delve into the issue of women´s theatrical representations of their experiences. I present the theatrical work of two female groups from Brazil: the participants in the projects Madalena – Teatro das Oprimidas, whose main focus is the overcoming of the female oppression originated and rooted in women´s bodies and Grupo Marias do Brasil a group of women who work as domestic workers and intend to share their experiences and promote their rights through the theatre. Therefore, I focus on the potentials of theatre understood here as transformative body language and finally I reflect on the possible relations between theatre, body and life.Máster Erasmus Mundus en Estudios de las Mujeres y de Género, GEMMA. 6ª ed

Wpływ zróżnicowanego nawożenia azotem i symulowanego kwaśnego opadu na aktywność enzymatyczną badanych gleb

Acidification of soils is an important process degrading the natural environment. It undergoes various natural processes as well as human activities. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate effects of differentiated nitrogen fertilization and simulated acid rain onenzymatic activity of some soils of a microplot system. Soil samples were analysed for dehydrogenase, cellulase and proteolytic acitivites. The results indicated that increasing nitrogen rates stimulated the activity of the enzymes under study. Introduction of acid rain did not cause a decrease of enzymatic activity of soils.&nbsp

Charakterystyka właściwości kwasów huminowych wydzielonych z gleby inkubowanej z dodatkiem materiału roślinnego

Biological processes affecting soil fertility and productivity in land ecosystems are mainly based on transformations of organic matter, both native one and that introduced with postharvest plant residues and animal decomposition. Therefore, the objective of the study, was to determine fundamental physico-chemical parameters of humic acids developed over the decomposition of plant residues in soil, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The investigations were carried out in pots under laboratory conditions. The soil originated from a field not used for agricultural production. The samples were taken from three depths 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm and then separated to two parts, A and B. The A samples were supplemented with plant material at the ratio 50:1, mixed thoroughly and incubated. After that the samples were assayed for basic physico-chemical parameters. Humic acids isolated from those samples were assayed for elemental composition, susceptibility to oxidation with 1.5% H2O2 and optical properties of 0.02% solutions in 0.1 mol NaOH at the ranges: 400 nm, 464 nm, 600 nm and 664 nm. Biological processes affecting soil fertility and productivity in land ecosystems are mainly based on transformations of organic matter, both native one and that introduced with postharvest plant residues and animal decomposition. Therefore, the objective of the study, was to determine fundamental physico-chemical parameters of humic acids developed over the decomposition of plant residues in soil, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The investigations were carried out in pots under laboratory conditions. The soil originated from a field not used for agricultural production. The samples were taken from three depths 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm and then separated to two parts, A and B. The A samples were supplemented with plant material at the ratio 50:1, mixed thoroughly and incubated. After that the samples were assayed for basic physico-chemical parameters. Humic acids isolated from those samples were assayed for elemental composition, susceptibility to oxidation with 1.5% H2O2 and optical properties of 0.02% solutions in 0.1 mol NaOH at the ranges: 400 nm, 464 nm, 600 nm and 664 nm.&nbsp

IONIC EQUILIBRIUM IN MAIZE GRAIN DEPENDING ON THE FERTILISATION AND SOIL TYPE

The research was performed over 2004-2009 based on the two-factor micro-plot experiment located at Wierzchucinek. Maize grown for grain in monoculture constituted the test crop. The aim of the present paper was to determine the effect of a varied sulphur fertilisation and Basfoliar 36 Extra as well as the soil type on the yield size and the ionic equilibrium of ‘LG 2244’ cultivar maize grain. The mean contents of cations in grain varied considerably and could be classified as follows: Mg >K >Ca > Na. Consequently, those contents, in general resulted in the narrowing of the value of ratios K/(Ca+Mg), Ca/Mg and K/Mg, and widening of the value of ratios K/Ca and K/Na. The interaction of the factors investigated differentiated the value of ratio K:Mg; one of the essential ionic ratios determining the quality of crops allocated to animal feed

Wpływ wieloletniego nawożenia azotem i obornikiem na zmiany wybranych właściwości materii organicznej gleby lekkiej

The aim of the research was to assess the effect of long-term application of different doses of nitrogen fertilizers with or without manure to changes in the total organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, evaluation of dissolved organic carbon content and the value of absorbance coefficient (A4/6) in sandy loam soil. The base of research was the long-term field experiment, established in 1979 at the Wierzchucinek Experimental Station close to Bydgoszcz city - Poland. The experiment was carried out in the three-course crop rotation, potato, rye, rye in randomized split-plot design. The experimental treatments were four levels of N fertilizers in 0, 47, 93, and 140 kg∙ha-1∙yr-1 (N0, N1, N2, N3) as a 1st factor of experiment, and the same doses of N fertilizers with farmyard manure application (30 t∙ha-1) as a 2nd factor. After 36 years of experiment the content of total organic carbon was 26% lower and the content of total nitrogen 13% higher compared to the values determined before the experiment foundation (1979). The consequence of changes in the content of organic carbon and total nitrogen, are changes in the ratio of organic carbon content and total nitrogen content. It was noticed that the use of manure and different nitrogen doses resulted in a decrease of organic carbon content and total nitrogen content value. After application of different nitrogen doses, organic carbon content ranged from 122.4 to 152.2 mg∙kg-1. The same nitrogen doses applied simultaneously with farmyard manure increased the organic carbon content, which ranged from 133.5 to 166.7 mg∙kg-1. The changes of the organic carbon content did not effect on percentage of this fraction in the total organic carbon. Percentage of organic carbon content in total organic carbon content was on averaged 1.6%. After the application of different nitrogen doses, humic acids of analyzed soils were characterized by lower average value of A4/6 (5.4). However, the application of nitrogen doses with manure brought a higher - 6.3 - A4/6 value. Farmyard manure application caused the formation of humic acids of lower molecular weight and a low humification degree.Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu długookresowego nawożenia zróżnicowanymi dawkami azotu stosowanymi z obornikiem lub bez tego nawozu na zmiany zawartości ogólnego węgla organicznego (OWO), azotu ogółem (Nog), rozpuszczalnego węgla organicznego (RWO) w glebie oraz określenie wartości absorbancji (A4/6). Podstawą badań było statyczne wieloletnie doświadczenie polowe, założona w 1979 roku w Stacji Badawczej w Wierzchucinku koło Bydgoszczy. Prowadzono je w trzyletnim, uproszczonym zmianowaniu: ziemniak – żyto ozime – żyto ozime. Pierwszym czynnikiem doświadczenia było zróżnicowane nawożenie azotem, dawki w kg∙ha-1 ∙r -1 wynosiły: N0, N47, N93, N140, drugim zastosowane dawki azotu na tle obornika (30 t∙ha-1). Po 36 latach stosowanego nawożenia średnie zawartości węgla oznaczone w próbkach glebowych były średnio niższe o 26%, natomiast zawartości azotu ogółem w glebie były wyższe o 13% w porównaniu do zawartości określonych w glebie przed założeniem doświadczenia (1979). Konsekwencją zmian zawartości węgla organicznego i azotu ogółem, są zmiany wartości stosunku zawartości węgla do azotu ogółem. Stosowanie łącznie obornika i zróżnicowanych dawek azotu spowodowało zawężenie wartości stosunku zawartości węgla do azotu ogółem. Stwierdzono, że zawartości węgla organicznego w glebie po zastosowaniu zróżnicowanych dawek azotu, wahały się w zakresie od 122.4 mg∙kg-1 do 152.2 mg∙kg-1 natomiast aplikacja azotu na tle obornika spowodowała, że zawartości te mieściły się w zakresie od 133.5 mg∙kg-1 do 166.7 mg∙kg-1 . Zawartości węgla organicznego nie przełożyły się na procentowy udział tej frakcji w całkowitej zawartości węgla organicznego. Udział ten średnio wynosił 1.6%. Zauważono również, że po aplikacji badanych dawek azotu, kwasy huminowe analizowanych gleb charakteryzowały się średnio niższymi wartościami współczynnika A4/6, który wynosił 5.4. Natomiast po zastosowaniu zróżnicowanych dawek azotu łącznie z obornikiem wynosił 6.3. Nawożenie obornikiem generowało powstawanie kwasów huminowych o mniejszej masie cząsteczkowej i o niskim stopniu humifikacji

Wpływ siarki i nawozu wieloskładnikowego na zawartość Cu, Zn and Mn w różnych typach gleb spod kukurydzy

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the soil type and differential sulphur rates used with or without Basfoliar 36 Extra on the soil pH as well as the amount of available forms of copper, zinc and manganese based on the micro plots field experiment. Moreover, the relationship between the studied microelements was examined. The experiment was performed in two-factor design; the first-order factor was the soil type (Typic Hapludolls, Typic Hapludalfs, Typic Haplorthods, Typic Endoaquolls), while the second-order factor - fertilization with sulphur and compound fertilizer - Basfoliar 36 Extra. The plant tested was Rota cultivar maize. The use of sulphur and sulphur combined with Basfoliar 36 Extra changed the classification of the soils in terms of their pH. In the soils under study, as a result of the 10-years application of sulphur and/or foliar fertiliser with NPK fertilization as well as growing maize in monoculture showing a high uptake of macro- and micro-nutrients, there was reported a clear decrease in the content of zinc, copper and manganese, as compared with the initial content. With that in mind, one shall assume that growing maize in a 10-year monoculture is connected with an intensive use of soils, which can result in a clear deficit of the elements studied in soil.Celem badań było określenie wpływu typu gleby i zróżnicowanych dawek siarki stosowanych bez/lub z Basfoliarem 36 Extra na wartość pH gleby oraz zawartości dostępnych formy miedzi, cynku i manganu, w oparciu o doświadczenia mikropoletkowe. Ponadto określono zależności pomiędzy badanymi mikroelementami. Eksperyment przeprowadzono jako dwuczynnikowy: gdzie pierwszym czynnikiem był typ gleby (n = 4, czarnoziem, gleba płowa, gleba bielicowa, czarna ziemia), natomiast drugim - nawożenie siarką (S1, S2) bez/lub z Basfoliarem 36 Extra (n = 5) oraz obiekt kontrolny. Rośliną testową była kukurydza odmiany Rota. Stosowanie siarki oraz siarki w połączeniu z Basfoliarem 36 Extra wpłynęło na zmiany klasyfikacji gleb pod względem ich odczynu. W wyniku 10-letniego stosowania siarki bez/lub z Basfoliarem 36 Extra na tle nawożenia NPK oraz uprawy kukurydzy w monokulturze charakteryzującej się dużym pobraniem makro i mikroskładników stwierdzono wyraźne obniżenie zawartości cynku, miedzi oraz manganu w stosunku do zawartości wyjściowej. W związku z powyższym należy przypuszczać, iż uprawa kukurydzy w 10-letniej monokulturze wiąże się z intensywnym użytkowaniem gleb, co powodować może wyraźny niedobór badanych pierwiastków glebie