In Search of the Fisherman’s Path: Rethinking the American Assault on Queenston Heights

Canadian historians of the War of 1812 tend to associate a fisherman’s path with the initial success achieved by the Americans at the Battle of Queenston Heights. Unobserved, they made their way to the top of the escarpment and forced Brock to evacuate the redan battery located just below the brow of the heights. Desperate to retake this commanding position, Brock launched the ill-fated charge which resulted in his untimely death. It is a standard interpretation. But as this study reveals, the Americans had no particular need of a fisherman’s path

Long-term cultures of murine fetal liver retain very early B lymphoid phenotype.

Long-term cultures of murine fetal liver have been successfully established using a modification of our in vitro bone marrow culture system (14, 15). Fetal liver cells from midgestation BALB/c embryos were plated onto BAB-14 bone marrow stromal cell-adherent layers. After a 3-5 wk period, cell growth began to increase and these cells were expanded in number on fresh feeder layers. The cultured fetal liver cells were lymphoid in morphology, 5-20% cytoplasmic Ig-positive, but less than 1% surface Ig-positive. Southern blot analysis of the cultured fetal liver cells, as well as cultured bone marrow-derived B cells, demonstrated a population with germline Ig heavy chain loci, possibly representing very early B cell precursors. Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) clonal transformants of such cultured fetal liver cells had a phenotypic distribution similar to that seen with fresh fetal liver transformants but distinct from those obtained with the transformation of either cultured or fresh bone marrow. All A-MuLV transformants isolated had rearrangements at the mu heavy chain locus of both chromosomes, irrespective of Ig production. In addition, most mu heavy chain producers had at least one rearranged kappa gene locus. These long-term fetal liver cultures provide large numbers of cells for studying events early in the B lymphocyte lineage. The cultured fetal liver cells retained phenotypic traits similar to fresh fetal liver B cells and distinctive from bone marrow cells cultured under similar conditions

La prise de décision d’urgence chez les pompiers premiers répondants : Une illustration de la pertinence d’une approche empirique en éthique professionnelle

ArticleLors d’une urgence médicale, l’intervention se doit d’être immédiate. Le temps de délibération est court, voire inexistant. Pourtant, l’intervenant portera la responsabilité de ses décisions et de ses actions. Cette complexité de la décision d’urgence demeure peu étudiée en éthique. Pour contribuer à combler cette lacune, cet article portera sur la prise de décision chez les pompiers premiers répondants. Il présente les données issues de focus groups réalisés auprès de pompiers du Service de Sécurité Incendie de la Ville de Montréal. Dans un premier temps, cet article illustrera la compréhension de la prise de décision d’urgence de ces pompiers premiers répondants. Dans un deuxième temps, il montrera qu’une approche empirique est indispensable à l’éthicien qui s’aventure en caserne : cette approche empirique est révélatrice des confrontations éthiques des pompiers et des moyens mis en place pour neutraliser ces confrontations.During an emergency, response has to be immediate. Deliberation time is limited, even nonexistent. But professionals are responsible for their decisions and their actions. The complexity of decision-making during an emergency is an under-researched topic in bioethics. To contribute to this topic, this article focuses on decision- making by firefighter first responders. It presents empirical data from focus groups with firefighters who are first responders for the Service de Sécurité Incendie de la Ville de Montréal. First, this article describes the way that firefighters understand decision-making during an emergency. Second, an empirical approach is shown to be necessary for bioethics researchers who venture to do research in fire departments: this empirical approach reveals firefighter’s ethical challenges and how they can be neutralised

Evaluation of different sources of uncertainty in climate change impact research using a hydro-climatic model ensemble

The international research project QBic3 (Quebec-Bavarian Collaboration on Climate Change) aims at investigating the potential impacts of climate change on the hydrology of regional scale catchments in Southern Quebec (Canada) and Bavaria (Germany). Yet, the actual change in river runoff characteristics during the next 70 years is highly uncertain due to a multitude of uncertainty sources. The so-called hydro-climatic ensemble that is constructed to describe the uncertainties of this complex model chain consists of four different global climate models, downscaled by three different regional climate models, an exchangeable bias correction algorithm, a separate method to scale RCM outputs to the hydrological model scale and several hydrological models of differing complexity to assess the impact of different hydro model concepts. This choice of models and scenarios allows for the inter-comparison of the uncertainty ranges of climate and hydrological models, of the natural variability of the climate system as well as of the impact of scaling and correction of climate data on mean, high and low flow conditions. A methodology to display the relative importance of each source of uncertainty is proposed and results for past runoff and potential future changes are presented

Glass transitions in 1, 2, 3, and 4 dimensional binary Lennard-Jones systems

We investigate the calorimetric liquid-glass transition by performing simulations of a binary Lennard-Jones mixture in one through four dimensions. Starting at a high temperature, the systems are cooled to T=0 and heated back to the ergodic liquid state at constant rates. Glass transitions are observed in two, three and four dimensions as a hysteresis between the cooling and heating curves. This hysteresis appears in the energy and pressure diagrams, and the scanning-rate dependence of the area and height of the hysteresis can be described by power laws. The one dimensional system does not experience a glass transition but its specific heat curve resembles the shape of the $D\geq 2$ results in the supercooled liquid regime above the glass transition. As $D$ increases, the radial distribution functions reflect reduced geometric constraints. Nearest-neighbor distances become smaller with increasing $D$ due to interactions between nearest and next-nearest neighbors. Simulation data for the glasses are compared with crystal and melting data obtained with a Lennard-Jones system with only one type of particle and we find that with increasing $D$ crystallization becomes increasingly more difficult.Comment: 26 pages, 13 figure

An Introduction to the Continental Record of the Laurentide Ice Sheet

The record of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is not well preserved in terrestrial deposits. Sediment sequences are incomplete and few record events older than the last ice retreat. Furthermore, in the absence of absolute dating methods for deposits older than the limit of radiocarbon dating, units are generally assigned a chronostratigraphic position by "counting from the top". As a result age estimates of many units can differ significantly between authors.Les dépôts abandonnés par la calotte laurentidienne relatent bien imparfaitement son évolution. Les séquences sédimentaires sont incomplètes et peu d'entre elles sont antérieures au retrait des derniers glaciers. De plus, en l'absence de méthodes de datation absolue des dépôts au-delà des limites du radiocarbone, la position chronostratigraphique d'un sédiment est généralement déterminée en comptant les unités de haut en bas. Conséquemment, les estimations de l'âge des unités varient de façon importante d'un auteur à l'autre

The Sangamonian Stage and the Laurentide Ice Sheet

This review of the most recent studies (up to June 1986) dealing with the Sangamonian in some key areas clearly indicates that, as yet, there is no definitive answer to the question : "When did the ice which eventually became the Laurentide Ice Sheet begin to accumulate?" In most areas the stratigraphic record simply identifies a probable interglacial period; the record yields no information on when ice growth may have started following that warm climatic interval. However the deltaic glacial lake sediments of the Scarborough Formation in the Toronto area and the Bécancour Till in the Trois-Rivières area are thought to possibly date from the Sangamonian (marine isotope sub-stages 5d-b). The Adam Till in the James Bay Lowland may be correlative. In Atlantic Canada, mostly in Cape Breton Island, plant fossils suggest a mid-Sangamonian climate roughly comparable to that which prevailed 11-12 ka ago. On Baffin Island a marine transgression of mid-Sangamonian age is thought to result from important ice accumulation in the area. These stratigraphic interpretations suggest significant glacier expansion in several areas of the North American continent during part of the Sangamonian Stage. Whether or not any of this ice survived a warmer climate period near the end of the Sangamonian to become part of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is a matter of speculation.La présente revue des travaux sur le Sangamonien (jusqu'à juin 1986) effectués dans des régions clés démontre qu'il n'y a pas encore de réponse satisfaisante à la question suivante: « À quel moment la glace, qui allait devenir la calotte glaciaire laurentidienne, a-t-elle commencer à s'accumuler? » Dans la plupart des régions, la séquence stratigraphique ne fait que signaler l'existence probable d'une période interglaciaire, sans toutefois permettre de déterminer le moment où la glace a commencé à s'accumuler après l'intervalle climatique chaud. Il existe toutefois quelques indices. Les sédiments d'un delta glaciolacustres de la Formation de Scarborough, dans la région de Toronto, et le Till de Bécancour, dans la région de Trois-Rivières, datent probablement du Sangamonien (sous-phases isotopiques marines 5d-b). Le Till d'Adam, dans les basses terres de la baie James, leur est probablement corrélatif. Dans les régions atlantiques du Canada, en particulier à l'île du Cap-Breton, des restes de plantes indiquent que le climat au cours du Sangamonien moyen aurait été très semblable à celui de la période de 11 000 à 12 000 ans BP. À l'île de Baffin, une transgression marine qui a eu lieu au Sangamonien moyen aurait pu être le résultat d'une importante accumulation de glace dans la région. Ces diverses interprétations régionales témoignent d'une importante croissance des glaciers dans plusieurs régions du continent nord-américain au cours du Sangamonien. On ne peut toutefois pas préciser si ces accumulations de glace ont survécu à la période plus chaude qui a prévalu à la fin du Sangamonien pour ensuite s'intégrer à la calotte glaciaire laurentidienne.Dieser Überblick über die neuesten Studien (bis Juni 1986) zur sangamonischen Zeit in einigen Schlüsselgebieten zeigt deutlich, dap es bis heute keine endgültige Antwort auf die Frage gibt: "Wann begann sich das Eis anzuhäufen, das schlieBlich zur laurentischen Eisdecke wurde?" In den meisten Gebieten zeugen die stratigraphischen Spuren von einem wahrscheinlichen interglazialen Zeitabschnitt; die Spuren geben keine Auskunft darüber, wann der Eiswuchs nach diesem warmen klimatischen Zwischenspiel begonnen haben mag. Die Sedimente der deltaförmigen EisSeen der ScarboroughFormation in der Gegend von Toronto und die Bécancour-Grundmoräne in der Gegend von Trois-Rivières stammen vermutlich beide aus der sangamonischen Phase (Meeres-lsotopische Unterstadien 5d-b). Die AdamGrundmoräne im James-Bay-Tiefland hängt damit möglicherweise zusammen. In OstKanada, vor allem auf der Cap-Breton-Insel, legen Pflanzen-Fossilien nahe, daB dort ein Klima der mittleren sangamonischen Phase herrschte, das dem von vor 11 bis 12 ka ungefähr glich. Auf der Baffinlnsel halt man die UferBewegung in der sangamonischen Zeit fur die Auswirkung groBer Eisanhäufung in der Gegend. Diëse Deutungen der Stratigraphie legen eine umfangreiche GletscherAusdehnung in mehreren Gegenden des nordamerikanischen Kontinents während eines Teils der sangamonischen Zeit nahe. Ob Teile dieses Eises eine wärmere Phase gegen Ende der sangamonischen Zeit überdauerten, um ein Teil der laurentischen Eisdecke zu werden, Oder ob dies nient der Fall war, bleibt often

Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu: Réapprendre à vivre la ville

Affiche de projet terminal, baccalauréat en Urbanisme. Institut d'urbanisme, Université de Montréal