Corporate Accountability Mechanisms in EU Member States for Human Rights Abuses in Third Countries

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Creating a legislative level playing field in business and human rights at the European level : is the French duty of vigilance law the way forward?

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Explanation of the activity sensitivity of Mn I 5394.7 \AA

There is a long-standing controversy concerning the reason why the Mn I 5394.7 A line in the solar irradiance spectrum brightens more at larger activity than most other photospheric lines. The claim that this activity sensitivity is caused by spectral interlocking to chromospheric emission in Mg II h & k is disputed. Classical one-dimensional modeling is used for demonstration; modern three-dimensional MHD simulation for verification and analysis. The Mn I 5394.7 A line thanks its unusual sensitivity to solar activity to its hyperfine structure. This overrides the thermal and granular Doppler smearing through which the other, narrower, photospheric lines lose such sensitivity. We take the nearby Fe I 5395.2 A line as example of the latter and analyze the formation of both lines in detail to demonstrate and explain granular Doppler brightening. We show that this affects all narrow lines. Neither the chromosphere nor Mg II h & k play a role, nor is it correct to describe the activity sensitivity of Mn I 5394.7 A through plage models with outward increasing temperature contrast. The Mn I 5394.7 A line represents a proxy diagnostic of strong-field magnetic concentrations in the deep solar photosphere comparable to the G band and the blue wing of H-alpha, but not a better one than these. The Mn I lines are more promising as diagnostic of weak fields in high-resolution Stokes polarimetry.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, accepted by A&

SUMER Observations Confirm the Dynamic Nature of the Quiet Solar Outer Atmosphere: The Inter-network Chromosphere

On 12 March 1996 we obtained observations of the quiet Sun with the SUMER instrument. The observa- tions were sequences of 15-20 second exposures of ultraviolet emission line profiles and of the neighboring continua. These data contain signatures of the dynamics of the solar chromosphere that are uniquely useful because of wavelength coverage, moderate signal-to-noise ratios, and image stability. The dominant observed phenomenon is an oscillatory behavior that is analogous to the 3 minute oscillations seen in Ca II lines. The oscillations appear to be coherent over 3-8". At any time they occur over approx. 50 % of the area studied, and they appear as large perturbations in the intensities of lines and continua. The oscillations are most clearly seen in intensity variations in the UV (lambda > 912 A) continua, and they are also seen in the intensities and velocities of chromospheric lines of C I, N I and O I. Intensity brightenings are accompanied by blueshifts of typically 5 km s$^{-1}$. Phase differences between continuum and line intensities also indicate the presence of upward propagating waves. Three minute intensity oscillations are occasionally seen in second spectra (C II 1335), but never in third spectra (C III and Si III). Third spectra and He I 584 show oscillations in velocity that are not simply related to the 3 minute oscillations. The continuum intensity variations are consistent with recent simulations of chromospheric dynamics (Carlsson & Stein 1994) while the line observations indicate that important ingredients are missing at higher layers in the simulations. The data show that time variations are crucial for our understanding of the chromosphere itself and for the spectral features formed there.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figs, AASTeX, Accepted for publication in APJ letter

Towards social environmental justice ?

The original handle to Cadmus, the EUI research repository : http://hdl.handle.net/1814/20018This Working Paper is the result of a workshop held at the European University Institute in November 2010. At the heart of it lies a reflection on the potentialities of a new legal concept : social environmental justice. Building on the longstanding tradition of social justice and the more recent trend of environmental (or ecological) justice, our aim was to discuss how these two different dimensions of 'justice' overlap and could be reconciled in an all-encompassing notion. Moreover, we discussed the need for such a new concept in the light of the contemporary challenges of climate change and economic globalisation and focused especially on the concept's added value compared to the already existing notion of sustainable development. In addition to that, we explored the practical value of social environmental justice especially in the context of legal practice. This publication is a mirror of the different normative approaches (more social, more environmental, more holistic) one can adopt in dealing with problems such as climate change and globalization. Finally, it suggests different legal paths (Human rights, Private International Law, European Law) that could be taken in order to address these issues. Table of Contents : Social environmental justice : from the concept to reality / Antoine Duval and Marie-Ange Moreau -- Social environmental justice : the need for a new concept / Marie-Ange Moreau -- Sustainable development without social justice? / Dominic Roux and Marie-Claude Desjardins -- Sustainable development... without 'ecological' justice? / Sophie Lavallée -- Realising social environmental justice : human rights, sustainable development and possible ways forwards / Emmanuela Orlando -- Corporations and social environmental justice : the role of private international law / Claire Staath and Benedict Wray -- International human rights in an environmental horizon / Francesco Francion

Towards social environmental justice ?

The original handle to Cadmus, the EUI research repository : http://hdl.handle.net/1814/20018This Working Paper is the result of a workshop held at the European University Institute in November 2010. At the heart of it lies a reflection on the potentialities of a new legal concept : social environmental justice. Building on the longstanding tradition of social justice and the more recent trend of environmental (or ecological) justice, our aim was to discuss how these two different dimensions of 'justice' overlap and could be reconciled in an all-encompassing notion. Moreover, we discussed the need for such a new concept in the light of the contemporary challenges of climate change and economic globalisation and focused especially on the concept's added value compared to the already existing notion of sustainable development. In addition to that, we explored the practical value of social environmental justice especially in the context of legal practice. This publication is a mirror of the different normative approaches (more social, more environmental, more holistic) one can adopt in dealing with problems such as climate change and globalization. Finally, it suggests different legal paths (Human rights, Private International Law, European Law) that could be taken in order to address these issues. Table of Contents : Social environmental justice : from the concept to reality / Antoine Duval and Marie-Ange Moreau -- Social environmental justice : the need for a new concept / Marie-Ange Moreau -- Sustainable development without social justice? / Dominic Roux and Marie-Claude Desjardins -- Sustainable development... without 'ecological' justice? / Sophie Lavallée -- Realising social environmental justice : human rights, sustainable development and possible ways forwards / Emmanuela Orlando -- Corporations and social environmental justice : the role of private international law / Claire Staath and Benedict Wray -- International human rights in an environmental horizon / Francesco Francion