International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Genetic parameters of the physical and chemical wood properties of cool temperate eucalypts

This thesis comprises quantitative genetic studies of chemical and physical wood properties of the two main temperate plantation eucalypts in Australia, Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens. The use of near-infrared spectroscopy models allowed the large-scale assessment of pulp yield and other wood chemical traits, including cellulose, lignin, extractives content, and lignin composition (syringyUguaiacyl ratio [S/G]), to compare with more readily assessed growth and density traits. The study of a fertiliser trial involving E. nitens clones showed that pulp yield was mainly affected by genetics. A large study was undertaken using a field trial of open-pollinated families collected from across the geographic range of E. globulus. This showed that wood properties were generally under medium to strong genetic control. There were significant differences between the geographic subraces of E. globulus, and narrow-sense heritability within subraces ranged from 0.15 to 0.51 across all traits, consistent with other studies of forest trees. A study of age trends in genetic parameters not only revealed the dynamic nature of heritability estimates but provided evidence of a changing genetic correlation between growth and density with age. Several discrepancies in the magnitude and direction of genetic correlations between traits were found compared to those reported in the literature, which were mostly smaller in sample size. Pulp yield increased with increasing latitude of provenance, suggesting that the economic worth of southern Tasmanian subraces for a lcraft pulpwood breeding objective had previously been underestimated. Pulp yield was shown to be highly positively correlated with cellulose and negatively correlated with lignin content. Lignin composition (S/G ratio) was highly positively correlated with pulp yield and also showed a clear latitudinal cline across the geographic range of E. globulus

Genetic parameters of the physical and chemical wood properties of cool temperate eucalypts

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Correlated response of pulpwood profit traits following differential fertilisation of a Eucalyptus nitens clonal trial

Silvicultural treatments that are aimed at increasing plantation growth rate may also impact directly or indirectly on wood properties. We examined this impact in a fertiliser × clone trial in northwestern Tasmania, Australia. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilisers were applied at planting to three Eucalyptus nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden clones and one F1 hybrid clone of E. nitens and E. globulus Labill. in a factorial design with each clone exposed to two levels of nitrogen (0 and 23 kg N/ha) and two levels of phosphorus (0 and 21 kg P/ha) spot-applied close to each seedling. The trial comprised four replicates per treatment with 5 × 5 tree clonal plots. Height was measured at ages one and two years, and diameter at breast height over bark at age 11 years. Increment cores at breast height were obtained from one fastand one slow-growing ramet within each clonal plot to determine corewood basic density, near infrared-predicted kraft pulp yield, cellulose content, and extractives content. No significant interactions among main treatments were detected for any of the growth- or wood-property traits. Nitrogen application increased cellulose content (p < 0.05). Phosphorus application significantly increased diameter (p < 0.01), but resulted in lower wood density (p < 0.001). Within clonal plots, large trees had lower wood density (p < 0.001) and a higher extractives content (p = 0.004) than the corresponding small trees. Pulpwood production per hectare (calculated from plot volume, mean whole-tree adjusted density and mean plot kraft pulp yield) indicated that: (i) the choice of germplasm had a much larger effect on plantation profitability than did the starter fertiliser application; and (ii) that failure to account for adverse changes in wood properties in calculating pulp fibre production would result in over-estimation of the gain in pulp production due to starter phosphorus application by up to 0.6 t/ha or 20% per 12 year rotation

Correlated response of pulpwood profit traits following differential fertilisation of a Eucalyptus nitens clonal trial

Silvicultural treatments that are aimed at increasing plantation growth rate may also impact directly or indirectly on wood properties. We examined this impact in a fertiliser ‚àöv= clone trial in northwestern Tasmania, Australia. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilisers were applied at planting to three Eucalyptus nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden clones and one F1 hybrid clone of E. nitens and E. globulus Labill. in a factorial design with each clone exposed to two levels of nitrogen (0 and 23 kg N/ha) and two levels of phosphorus (0 and 21 kg P/ha) spot-applied close to each seedling. The trial comprised four replicates per treatment with 5 ‚àöv= 5 tree clonal plots. Height was measured at ages one and two years, and diameter at breast height over bark at age 11 years. Increment cores at breast height were obtained from one fastand one slow-growing ramet within each clonal plot to determine corewood basic density, near infrared-predicted kraft pulp yield, cellulose content, and extractives content. No significant interactions among main treatments were detected for any of the growth- or wood-property traits. Nitrogen application increased cellulose content (p < 0.05). Phosphorus application significantly increased diameter (p < 0.01), but resulted in lower wood density (p < 0.001). Within clonal plots, large trees had lower wood density (p < 0.001) and a higher extractives content (p = 0.004) than the corresponding small trees. Pulpwood production per hectare (calculated from plot volume, mean whole-tree adjusted density and mean plot kraft pulp yield) indicated that: (i) the choice of germplasm had a much larger effect on plantation profitability than did the starter fertiliser application; and (ii) that failure to account for adverse changes in wood properties in calculating pulp fibre production would result in over-estimation of the gain in pulp production due to starter phosphorus application by up to 0.6 t/ha or 20% per 12 year rotation

Age trends in genetic parameters for growth and wood density in Eucalyptus globulus

Genetic parameters for stem diameter and wood density were compared at selection (4–5 years) and harvest (16–17 years) age in an open-pollinated progeny trial of Eucalyptus globulus in Tasmania (Australia). The study examined 514 families collected from 17 subraces of E. globulus. Wood density was assessed on a subsample of trees indirectly using pilodyn penetration at both ages and directly by core basic density at harvest age. Significant additive genetic variance and narrow-sense heritabilities (h2 op) were detected for all traits. Univariate and multivariate estimates of heritabilities were similar for each trait except harvest-age diameter. Comparable univariate estimates of selection- and harvest-age heritabilities for diameter masked changes in genetic architecture that occurred with stand development, whereby the loss of additive genetic variance through size-dependent mortality was countered by the accentuation of additive genetic differences among survivors with age. Regardless, the additive genetic (ra) and subrace (rs) correlations across ages were generally high for diameter (0.95 and 0.61, respectively) and pilodyn penetration (0.77 and 0.96), as were the correlations of harvestage core basic density with selection- and harvest-age pilodyn (ra −0.83, −0.88; rs −0.96, −0.83). While rs between diameter and pilodyn were close to zero at both ages, there was a significant change in ra from adverse at selection age (0.25) to close to zero (−0.07) at harvest age. We argue that this change in the genetic correlation reflects a decoupling of the genetic association of growth and wood density with age. This result highlights the need to validate the use of selection-age genetic parameters for predicting harvest-age breeding values