Consumer Shopping Costs as a Cause of Slotting Fees: A Rent-Shifting Mechanism

Analyzing a sequential bargaining framework with one retailer and two suppliers of substitutable goods, we show that slotting fees may emerge as a result of a rent-shifting mechanism when consumer shopping costs are taken into account. If consumers economize on their shopping costs by bundling their purchases, their buying decision depends rather on the price for the whole shopping basket than on individual product prices. This induces complementarities between the goods offered at a retail outlet. If the complementarity effect resulting from shopping costs dominates the original substitution effect, the wholesale price negotiated with the first supplier is upward distorted in order to shift rent from the second supplier. As long as the first supplier has only little bargaining power, she compensates the retailer for the upward distorted wholesale price by paying a slotting fee. We also show that banning slotting fees causes per- unit price to fall and welfare to increase

Hybrid III-V on Si Photonic Integrated Circuits for High-Speed Optical Communications: Roadmap and Perspectives

International audienceWe review some of our latest contributions for on-chip high-speed optical communications using the hybrid III-V-on-Si platform. Fast tunable lasers for metro-access networks are demonstrated, showing wavelength switching of around ~ 1 ns, a tunable wavelength span of 45 nm and a coupled output power greater than 1 mW. Additionally, fully integrated coherent transceivers for long-haul telecommunications are also discussed, providing the first experimental demonstration of an integrated coherent transceiver that comprises, for the transmitter i) the laser, ii) the high-speed Mach-Zehnder modulator and iii) the semiconductor optical amplifier. For the receiver: i) the coherent 90° hybrid mixer, ii) the local oscillator and iii) an array of photodiodes. A figure of merit of V π L π = 2.2 V cm was measured for the Mach-Zehnder modulator, with a 3 dB electro-optical bandwidth of 14 GHz and an open eye diagram (6.7 dB of extinction ratio) at 25 GHz. Regarding the coherent receiver, a maximum photodiode responsivity of 0.9 A/W was retrieved, with an in-quadrature symbol constellation presenting a quality factor of around 11.1 dB at 28 GBd. These results put in perspective the potential of the hybrid III-V on Si platform to implement compact on-chip high-speed communication systems that include the gain-chip components (lasers and SOAs) with unprecedented performance

Exercise Training Combined With A Well-balanced Diet Activates Nrg1 Pathway In Gastrocnemius Of Obese Rats

Meeting Abstract: 1519 Volume: 47 Issue: 5 Supplement 1Exercise Training Combined With A Well-balanced Diet Activates Nrg1 Pathway In Gastrocnemius Of Obese Rat

Cultures et comportements alimentaires de la jeunesse dans les pays francophones du Pacifique au XXIème siècle : exemple de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rapport scientifique préliminaire.

La Nouvelle-Calédonie, dans sa grande diversité, est composée d’une population multiculturelle où les pratiques diffèrent fortement selon le mode de vie des communautés. Le mode de vie est avant tout urbain dans l’agglomération du « Grand Nouméa » et rural sur le reste du territoire avec des tribus qui continuent de cultiver les principales espèces horticoles formant la base de l’alimentation traditionnelle en Océanie. Dans l'histoire récente, les régimes alimentaires des populations du Pacifique ont subi une transition brutale liée notamment à l'ouverture de routes commerciales facilitant l'accès aux aliments transformés. La question des comportements alimentaires de la jeunesse est cruciale puisque ces mutations singulières mais aussi brutales des habitudes alimentaires sur deux générations pourraient expliquer, en grande partie, la pandémie d'obésité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. En effet, aujourd’hui, 35% des 11-16 ans sont en surpoids ou obèses.L’objectif de ce projet est donc de comprendre les comportements alimentaires des adolescents de diverses communautés, vivant en milieu urbain ou rural, ainsi que de leurs familles. Plus précisément, l’étude s’attache à décrire :●l’organisation et la temporalité des prises alimentaires ;●la place du sucre dans l’alimentation ;●l’impact des médias et des nouvelles technologies sur la constitution des repas ;●l’influence des contraintes géographique

Cultures et comportements alimentaires de la jeunesse dans les pays francophones du Pacifique au XXIème siècle : exemple de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rapport scientifique préliminaire.

La Nouvelle-Calédonie, dans sa grande diversité, est composée d’une population multiculturelle où les pratiques diffèrent fortement selon le mode de vie des communautés. Le mode de vie est avant tout urbain dans l’agglomération du « Grand Nouméa » et rural sur le reste du territoire avec des tribus qui continuent de cultiver les principales espèces horticoles formant la base de l’alimentation traditionnelle en Océanie. Dans l'histoire récente, les régimes alimentaires des populations du Pacifique ont subi une transition brutale liée notamment à l'ouverture de routes commerciales facilitant l'accès aux aliments transformés. La question des comportements alimentaires de la jeunesse est cruciale puisque ces mutations singulières mais aussi brutales des habitudes alimentaires sur deux générations pourraient expliquer, en grande partie, la pandémie d'obésité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. En effet, aujourd’hui, 35% des 11-16 ans sont en surpoids ou obèses.L’objectif de ce projet est donc de comprendre les comportements alimentaires des adolescents de diverses communautés, vivant en milieu urbain ou rural, ainsi que de leurs familles. Plus précisément, l’étude s’attache à décrire :●l’organisation et la temporalité des prises alimentaires ;●la place du sucre dans l’alimentation ;●l’impact des médias et des nouvelles technologies sur la constitution des repas ;●l’influence des contraintes géographique

Exercise training and return to a well-balanced diet activate the neuregulin 1/ErbB pathway in skeletal muscle of obese rats

Some studies suggest that neuregulin 1 (NRG1) could be involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle energy metabolism in rodents. Here we assessed whether unbalanced diet is associated with alterations of the NRG1 signalling pathway and whether exercise and diet might restore NRG1 signalling in skeletal muscle of obese rats. We show that diet-induced obesity does not impair NRG1 signalling in rat skeletal muscle. We also report that endurance training and a well-balanced diet activate the NRG1 signalling in skeletal muscle of obese rats, possibly via a new mechanism mediated by the protease ADAM17. These results suggest that some beneficial effects of physical activity and diet in obese rats could be partly explained by stimulation of the NRG1 signalling pathway. Some studies suggest that the signalling pathway of neuregulin 1 (NRG1), a protein involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism, could be altered by nutritional and exercise interventions. We hypothesized that diet-induced obesity could lead to alterations of the NRG1 signalling pathway and that chronic exercise could improve NRG1 signalling in rat skeletal muscle. To test this hypothesis, male Wistar rats received a high fat/high sucrose (HF/HS) diet for 16weeks. At the end of this period, NRG1 and ErbB expression/activity in skeletal muscle was assessed. The obese rats then continued the HF/HS diet or were switched to a well-balanced diet. Moreover, in both groups, half of the animals also performed low intensity treadmill exercise training. After another 8weeks, NRG1 and ErbB expression/activity in skeletal muscle were tested again. The 16week HF/HS diet induced obesity, but did not significantly affect the NRG1/ErbB signalling pathway in rat skeletal muscle. Conversely, after the switch to a well-balanced diet, NRG1 cleavage ratio and ErbB4 amount were increased. Chronic exercise training also promoted NRG1 cleavage, resulting in increased ErbB4 phosphorylation. This result was associated with increased protein expression and phosphorylation ratio of the metalloprotease ADAM17, which is involved in NRG1 shedding. Similarly, in vitro stretch-induced activation of ADAM17 in rat myoblasts induced NRG1 cleavage and ErbB4 activation. These results show that low intensity endurance training and well-balanced diet activate the NRG1-ErbB4 pathway, possibly via the metalloprotease ADAM17, in skeletal muscle of diet-induced obese rats

III-V-on-Silicon Integration: From Hybrid Devices to Heterogeneous Photonic Integrated Circuits

International audienceHeterogeneous integration of III-V materials onto silicon photonics has experienced enormous progress in the last few years, setting the groundwork for the implementation of complex on-chip optical systems that go beyond single device performance. Recent advances on the field are expected to impact the next generation of optical communications to attain low power, high efficiency and portable solutions. To accomplish this aim, intense research on hybrid lasers, modulators and photodetectors is being done to implement optical modules and photonic integrated networks with specifications that match the market demands. Similarly, important advances on packaging and thermal management of hybrid photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are currently in progress. In this paper, we report our latest results on hybrid III-V on Si transmitters, receivers and packaged optical modules for high-speed optical communications. In addition, a review of recent advances in this field will be provided for benchmarking purposes

Theoretical characteristics of the ELISA test for different combinations of recombinant antigens from <i>L</i>. <i>corymbifera</i>, Aspergillus sp. and <i>S</i>. <i>rectivirgula</i>.

Sensitivity, specificity and percentage of individuals correctly classified were determined for all combinations of 2 to 7 recombinant antigens from the results reported in Table 2. Only the combinations giving a percentage of individuals correctly classified exceeding 75% were reported in this table. Combinations of recombinant antigens giving the best diagnostic performance were underlined and written in italics.</p