Vom ‚kalten Terroristen’ zum Friedenskaiser? Über die Wende im politischen Wirken von Octavian zu Augustus

The political carreer of Rome’s first princeps poses the question how the merciless combatant Octavian could become, after his victory in the civil war, Augustus, the bringer of peace. From the beginning, and also during the fight for power, Octavian had an overarching goal in mind, which can be explained by his descent, his close relationship to Caesar and his roots in the Roman tradition, all of which were formative infl uences on his personality. Therefore, res publica restituta has to be conceptualised as an act of historical reception which connected the new order with the republic and in which the person of the monarch and his achievement became one and the same thing. It is the historical tragedy of his political work that he could not avoid becoming guilty in acting out his vision.Die politische Laufbahn des ersten römischen Kaisers wirft die Frage auf, wie aus dem seine Gegner erbarmungslos vernichtenden Bürgerkriegskämpfer Octavian nach seinem Sieg der maßstabsetzende Friedensherrscher Augustus werden konnte. Im Kampf um die Macht hatte Octavian jedoch von Beginn an ein weitergehendes Ziel vor Augen, das sich aus seiner Herkunft, seiner Nähe zu Caesar und seiner Verwurzelung in der römischen Tradition erklären lässt und von dem seine Person geprägt war. Res publica restituta ist als Akt historischer Rezeption aufzufassen, der die neue Ordnung mit der der Republik verband und in dem Person und Werk des Monarchen zur Einheit wurden. Dass er dafür einen Weg gehen musste, auf dem er nicht vermeiden konnte, Schuld auf sich zu laden, macht die historische Tragik seines politischen Wirkens aus

Associação dos fatores físicos, psiquiátricos e socioeconômicos e os escores do WHOQOL-Bref

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of psychiatric morbidity, depression, cognitive deficit, number of self-reported illnesses and socio-demographic variables on the WHOQOL-Bref domain scores. WHOQOL-Bref domain scores are substantially affected by psychiatric morbidity and income. Depression, the number of self-reported illnesses and the female gender also explain the variability of other domains to a lesser extent.O objetivo deste estudo é o de investigar o impacto da morbidade psiquiátrica, depressão, comprometimento cognitivo, número de doenças autorreferidas e variáveis sociodemográficas nos escores do WHOQOL-Bref. Os escores dos domínios do WHOQOL-Bref estão associados à morbidade psiquiátrica e renda. A depressão, o número de doenças autorreferidas e o sexo feminino também explicam a variabilidade nos outros domínios, porém em menor grau.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PsiquiatriaCentro Universitário Hermínio OmettoUNIFESP, Depto. de PsiquiatriaSciEL

Manifestaciones orales en pacientes sometidos a terapia con yodo radioactivo administrado por via oral, como tratamiento para el cáncer diferenciado de tiroides en el Centro Nacional de Radioterapia Nora Astorga de la ciudad de Managua durante el segundo semestre del año 2016

La leucemia linfoblástica aguda, se caracteriza por la proliferación desordenada de células inmaduras (linfoblastos) que provienen de la célula madre. El flujo y pH salival son elementos importantes en la prevención de caries y se ven afectados en los niños con LLA, quienes reciben quimioterapia; convirtiéndolos en un grupo vulnerable. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la variación del flujo y pH salival en niños y adolescentes con LLA, como factor de riesgo a caries dental. Material y método: Se examinaron 40 niños, se dividieron en dos grupos, un grupo caso (niños con LLA) y un grupo control (niños sanos) cada uno de 20 niños respectivamente, se realizó un examen clínico y recolección de flujo salival para su posterior medición de volumen y pH salival. Resultados: En el grupo caso se registró un porcentaje de piezas cariadas de 15.89%, el 65% se cepillan los dientes 3 veces al día; en el grupo control se registró un porcentaje de 16.25% de piezas cariadas; el 70% se cepillan los dientes 3 veces al día. Ningún grupo utiliza auxiliares de higiene oral y en ambos la experiencia de caries se categoriza como leve. Conclusión: El flujo y pH salival no son factores de riesgo estadísticamente significativos para la presencia de caries en niños con LLA. Recomendaciones: Creación de clínica odontológica para atención integral; realizar programas de prevención y charlas a padres, niños y personal de trabajo de la casa albergue, así como fomentar nuevas investigaciones. Palabras claves: Flujo Salival, pH, LLA, Caries Denta

Bruit des oscillateurs et des résonateurs à quartz

Un des problèmes qui se posent au concepteur des oscillateurs à quartz de haute stabilité est le bruit propre des résonateurs. Nous effectuons tout d'abord une brève description des principaux mécanismes susceptibles d'affecter la stabilité des oscillateurs et des résonateurs à quartz. Ensuite sont explicitées les grandeurs mises en jeu dans la métrologie des fréquences : la densité spectrale de bruit de phase dans le domaine spectral et la variance d'Allan dans le domaine temporel. Enfin nous présentons l'instrumentation utilisée et développée pour la mesure du bruit des oscillateurs en général et des résonateurs en particulier

A Program to Analyse the Origin of Noise in Ultra- Stable Quartz Crystal Resonators

International audienceIn the mid 90s the quartz crystal oscillator attained a stability in the upper 10–14 (flicker floor of the Allan deviation σy(τ), which occurs at τ =1..10 s). As a matter of fact, the highest stability was obtained with bulk-acoustic-wave quartz crystal resonators at 5 MHz and at 10 MHz. Since, the research for higher stability seems to be at a standstill, while space applications are more and more demanding. Recently, the analysis of a few premium-stability oscillators has shown that the oscillator frequency instability is due to the fluctuation of the resonator natural frequency, rather than to the noise of the sustaining amplifier via the Leeson effect. It is therefore natural to give attention to the measurement of the resonator fluctuations. The Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and FEMTO-ST Institute have started a research program on the origin of noise in 5 MHz and 10 MHz quartz crystal resonators. Several European manufacturers of high-stability resonators and oscillators participate. This article reports on the present status and on the future plans of this program. The first part consists in the analysis of the sensitivity of selected resonators to various externally-controlled parameters, like temperature, drive power, load impedance, series capacitance. The second part, planned, consists of listing the possible causes of noise, and of modeling their effects on frequency stability. Tests and measurements are mainly performed on an advanced phase noise measurement system, recently set up for this program. Of course, this program is a unique opportunity to test various batches of 5 MHz and 10 MHz resonators provided by the industrial partners

Frequency stability measurements of ultra-stable BVA Oscillators

International audienceThe aim of this paper is to present the performances of the instruments developed for the measurement of 5 MHz ultra-stable resonators, before and after being integrated in an oscillator and then measured as an oscillator. The chosen resonator has an estimated stability of several 10-14. Intrinsic noise floor of these benches are about 7 to 8.10-15

Advanced bridge instrument for the measurement of the phase noise and of the short-term frequency stability of ultra-stable quartz resonators

High-stability quartz oscillators are needed in a number of space applications. A short-term stability of parts in 10^{-14} [Allan deviation σy(τ) ] is sometimes required, for integration time τ of approximately 1-10 s. The Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and the FEMTO-ST Institute (formerly LPMO and LCEP), have been collaborating for many years in this domain, aiming at measuring and at understanding the oscillator noise. The highest stability has been observed on 5 MHz and 10 MHz bulk acoustic-wave resonators. Yet this stability is still not sufficient, or the the manufacturing method is not reproducible. Recently, the analysis of a few premium-stability oscillators has demonstrated that the oscillator frequency instability is due to the fluctuation of the resonator natural frequency, rather than to the noise of the sustaining amplifier via the Leeson effect. It is therefore natural to give attention to the measurement of the resonator fluctuations

Volume Dependence in Handel's Model of Quartz Crystal Resonator Noise

International audienceAlthough criticized by many, Handel's quantum model for 1/f noise remains the only model giving a quantitative estimation of the level of intrinsic 1/f noise in quartz crystal resonators that is compatible with the best experimental results. In this paper, we reconsider the volume dependence in this model. We first argue that an acoustic volume, representing the volume in which the vibration energy is trapped, should be used instead of the geometrical volume between the electrodes. Then, we show that because there is an implicit dependence of the quality factor of the resonator with its thickness, the net effect of Handel's formula is not an increase of noise proportionally to the thickness of the resonator, as could be naïvely expected, but a net decrease when thickness increases. Finally, we show that a plot of Q4Sy versus the acoustic volume, instead of the usual Sy plot, could be useful to compare the quality of acoustic resonators having very different resonance frequencies

A new generation of veryhigh stability BVA oscillators

International audienceA third generation of “Oscilloquartz” OCXO's using the technique of housing a BVA SC-cut crystal resonator and its associated oscillator components in double oven technology has been developed with the funding support of European Space Operations Centre (E.S.O.C). The main purpose is to provide a local oscillator for high performances ground clock. The main features targeted of that new “8607-C series” are to get significant improvements compared to the classical “state of the art” 8607-B design in a better short term stability @ 1 sec in Allan variance, a better-low phase noise and outstanding short term stability and a better-high isolation from “pressure and humidity” variations

analysis of noise origin in ultra stable resonators: Preliminary Results on Measurement bench

The Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Toulouse, France and FEMTO-ST Institute, Besancon, France, have initiated a program of investigations on the origins of noise in bulk acoustic wave resonators. Several European manufacturers of high quality resonators and oscillators take part in this operation. Tests and measurements are mainly performed on an advanced phase noise measurement system, recently set up for this program. The bench principle uses carrier suppression technique. The carrier signal of the driving source is split into two equal parts to drive both crystal resonator pairs. Noise of both resonators is measured through symmetrical ways in order to suppress the source noise. Investigations on the sensitivity of selected quartz crystal resonators to various externally-controlled parameters such as temperature, drive level, load impedance, and series capacitance are presented. Various batches of different types of 5 and 10 MHz quartz crystal resonators provided by the industrial partners have already been tested (conventional, QAS, BVA, ...). Results are discussed with a special attention on some specific topics. The influence of the temperature is particularly studied according to the operating point versus the quartz crystal turn over temperature. A double enclosure and two thermally controlled ovens are used in order to control the quartz crystal temperature. The temperature step can be lower than 0.05°C between two remote-controlled operating temperatures around 80 °C. Measurements are compared to a review of theoretical aspect of temperature effects in quartz crystal resonators. In the measurement system, the resonator frequency of each arm of the bench has always to be tuned, as in an oscillator. This is fulfilled by a series capacitor having a pull-up effect. Several sets of measurements have been compared. Resonator noise is observed according to the input power in the bench arm. The frequency tuning is achieved with the series capacitor or with the source frequency. Resonator noise is also measured at constant resonator power according to a wide range of series capacitors. The tuning capacitor modifies the overall impedance, thus, correlation between load impedance and the flicker noise of the resonator is analyzed through the previous measurements. Finaly, a discussion about the contributions of the different parameters to the measurement results is done