Children’s Rough-and-Tumble Play in a Supportive Early Childhood Education and Care Environment

While a growing body of evidence highlights the benefits of rough-and-tumble play (R&T) in young children, it remains one of the most challenging kinds of play to support in early childhood education and care environment (ECEC) institutions. The present study explores the occurrence and characteristics of R&T in indoor and outdoor environments in a Norwegian sociocultural context where children can freely choose what, where, and with whom to play. The data consist of 100 randomly recorded two-minute videos, which were coded second by second for R&T. Qualitative analysis reveals that in a physically and culturally supportive environment for R&T, children aged 3–5 years perceive indoor spaces that afford physically active play to be more attractive for R&T than outdoor environments. The findings indicate gender differences related to R&T and how girls and boys use the physical environment in different ways. The quantitative findings are discussed within interactional affordances theory and show that children practise perceptual, motor, and social skills to successfully engage in R&T. Enhanced knowledge of children’s skill acquisition in R&T can support practitioners in developing pedagogical skills to facilitate challenging and safe environments for appropriate indoor R&T for both girls and boys.publishedVersio

Design and Synthesis of Carbazole Derivatives as Novel Therapeutic Candidates Against Acute Myeloid Leukaemia

Akutt myelogen leukemi (AML) er ein heterogen gruppe blodkreft, karakterisert ved ukontrollert vekst av celler i den myelogene celle linja. Denne sjukdomsgruppa er assosiert med låg overlevingsrate, særleg hos eldre pasientar kor AML er vanlegare enn hos nokon anna aldersgruppe. Dagens viktigaste behandling for AML er «7+3» regimet, som er samansett av administrasjon av lækjemiddelet cytarabine, etterfølgt av administrasjon av ein antrasyklin. Denne behandlingsforma har vore i bruk sidan 1960-talet, og er assosiert med kraftige biverknader. Forskningsgruppa Bjørsvik har difor arbeidd med å utvikla nye lækjemiddel kandidatar mot AML. Ein slik kandidat har vore ein modifisert versjon av eit intermediat funne i totalsyntesen av carbazomycin G. Kandidaten har vist tydeleg cytotoksisk effekt mot AML celle linjer. I denne oppgåva har det vorte gjort vidare forsøk på å modifisera denne potensielle lækjemiddelkandidaten. Ein modifikasjon var å leggje til to vicinale hydroksyl grupper på den eine ringen i carbazol strukturen. Arbeidet har ført til syntesen av tre beskytta carbazol strukturar, der ingen har vorte syntetisert i nok mengde til at avbeskyttelse kunne vorte prøvd.Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a diverse group of blood cancers characterised by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the myeloid cell line. This disease group is associated with poor survival rates, especially amongst elderly patient, for whom AML is more common than in any other age group. Todays mainline treatment against AML is the “7+3” regime, consisting of administration of the drug cytarabine followed by the administration of an anthracycline. This treatment has been in use since the 1960’s and is associated with severe side effects. In recent years, one of the research activities in the Bjørsvik group has been to develop new potential drug candidates against AML. One such candidate has been a modification of an intermediate in the total synthesis of carbazomycin G, which has shown significant cytotoxic effect against AML cell lines. In this thesis attempts have been made at further modification of this potential drug candidate, with the addition of two vicinal hydroxy group upon one of the rings of the carbazole structure. This has led to the synthesis of three protected carbazole structures, of which none were made in adequate amount to attempt deprotection.Masteroppgave i kjemiKJEM399MAMN-KJE

Development of Small Molecules that Post-Transitionally Stabilizes the SMN Protein for the Treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Spinal Muscular Atrophy is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder, caused by the lack of SMN genes. Previous work done by Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration (LDDN) at Brigham and Women’s Hospital optimized a lead compound from screening of 115,000 compounds for treatment of SMA. With the substantial amount of medical drugs involving imidazole as a component, this work focuses on the synthesis of analogs where the heterocycle in the lead compound is exchanged with imidazole. The synthesis of 3-chloro-4-fluoro-N-(2-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzamide was attempted by several different routes. The first involved attaching a ketone by lithiation of the central methylated imidazole carbon. Five different methods of nitration were used thereafter, in an attempt to nitrate the 4-position on the heterocycle. Although results were promising from one of the nitrations, the product could not be isolated and larger scale repetition of the reaction yielded no product. The second route involved methylation of 4(5)-nitroimidazole, followed by a reduction. The resulting amine was collected in high yield but deteriorated over time. Three different protective groups were attempted, but all reactions were plagued by low or no yield. Despite this, the BOC protected amine was attempted lithiated, but the notoriously low yield of lithiations made the route unsustainable. Using formic acid, the amine was amide protected, but the resulting compound proved insoluble in common solvents used for n-BuLi. The amine was instead amidated resulting in 3-chloro-4-fluoro-N-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-benzamide in sufficient yield. The compound was lithiated successfully. However, it was directed to the backbone, resulting in a different analog of the target molecule. In an attempt to direct the lithiation, 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol was brominated. The resulting compound gave poor results in both a Grignard reaction, and with n-BuLi. Reduction of the nitro group with Pd(OH)2/C and by iron also failed. Methyl 1-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate also was attempted to be lithiated, but with no success. The analog of the target molecule was sent, together with its precursor, for testing in the SMA assay. Both compounds proved inactive.Masteroppgave i kjemiKJEM399MAMN-KJE

Timing and time synchronization within LiDAR- and IMU-based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM)

Denne avhandlingen presenterer konstruksjonen av en sensorsammensetning bestående av en Ouster16 LiDAR, en STIM300 inertial måleenhet (IMU) og tre f9p u-blox globalt navigasjonssatellittsystem (GNSS)-mottakere, og undersøker ytelsen til en spesifikk LiDAR-inertial Samtidig posisjonering og kartlegging (SLAM) algoritme, Liorf, når ulike tidsstemplingsteknikker brukes for sensor-synkronisering. Hittil har forskningsfeltet innen anvendt sensorfusjon ikke omfattende studert hvordan nøyaktigheten av synkroniseringen mellom sensormålinger påvirker ytelsen til ulike SLAM-algoritmer. De benyttede teknikkene i denne avhandlingen er basert på maskinvarebasert tidsstempling fra et SentiBoard og programvarebasert tidsstempling basert på Robotic Operating System (ROS). En synkroniseringsmodul for å synkronisere en Ouster LiDAR, basert på enkodersignaler, med et SentiBoard gjennom dens ROS-driver, blir presentert. Data samles inn ved å montere sensorsammensetningen på toppen av en bil og kjøre i byområder og på motorveien. Posisjons- og orienteringsestimatene fra Liorf blir sammenlignet med estimatene som er oppnådd gjennom en sanntidskinematisk posisjonering (RTK) basert på GNSS-målinger. Fullstendige orienteringsestimat basert på RTK GNSS oppnås ved bruk av tre GNSS-mottakere. Resultatene indikerer at det ikke er noen betydelig forskjell mellom maskinvare- og programvaresynkronisering når det gjelder nøyaktigheten av estimatene fra Liorf. Imidlertid er nøyaktigheten av programvaresynkronisering sterkt avhengig av den anvendte programvaren og maskinvarekomponentene. Eksperimentet som ble utført i denne avhandlingen brukte høykvalitetssensorer, datamaskiner og programvare, noe som resulterte i nøyaktige programvaretidsstempler som ikke nødvendigvis vil være mulig i andre systemer. I tillegg til synkroniseringsanalysen av Liorf blir det presentert en forbedret tilnærming for å integrere GNSS-målinger i algoritmen. Denne modifikasjonen innebærer kompensering for den relative monteringen mellom IMU-en og GNSS-antennene, samt innlemming av relative posisjonsmålinger når flere antenner brukes. Implementeringen av denne modifikasjonen krevede utviklingen av to nye klasser innenfor Georgia Tech Smoothing and Mapping (GTSAM) C++ biblioteket.This thesis presents the construction of a sensor payload consisting of an Ouster16 LiDAR, a STIM300 inertial measurement unit (IMU), and three f9p u-blox global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) receivers, and investigates the performance of a particular LiDAR-inertial simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm, Liorf, when different timestamping primitives are used for sensor synchronization. To date, the field of applied sensor fusion has not extensively studied how the accuracy of synchronization between sensor measurements affects the performance of various SLAM algorithms. The primitives used are based on hardware timestamping from a SentiBoard, and software timestamping based on the Robotic Operating System (ROS). A synchronization module for synchronizing the Ouster LiDAR, based on encoder pulses, with the SentiBoard through its ROS driver is presented. Data is collected by mounting the sensor payload on top of a car and driving in urban areas as well as on the highway. The position and orientation estimates from Liorf are compared to estimates obtained by a Real-time kinematic positioning (RTK) solution from GNSS measurements. Full orientation estimates based on RTK GNSS are achieved through the use of three GNSS receivers. The result indicates that there is no significant difference between hardware and software synchronization when it comes to Liorf pose estimation accuracy. However, the accuracy of software synchronization is highly dependent on the deployed software, and the hardware components the software is running on. The experiment performed in this thesis used high-quality sensors, computers, and software, which resulted in accurate software timestamps, that would not necessarily be possible in other systems with low-quality components. In addition to the synchronization analysis of Liorf, an enhanced approach for integrating GNSS measurements into the algorithm is presented. This modification involves compensating for the relative mounting between the IMU and the GNSS antennas, as well as incorporating relative position measurements when multiple antennas are used. The implementation of this modification required the development of two new classes within the Georgia Tech Smoothing and Mapping (GTSAM) C++ library

Mechanistic investigation of the pretreatment of AA6060 with varying Ni and Cu content

Aluminium er et allsidig materiale på grunn av metallets høye styrke-til-vekt-forhold, duktilitet og gode korrosjonsbestandighet. Økt bruk av resirkulert aluminium krever at det resirkulerte produktet oppnår de samme egenskapene som primært aluminium. Ved resirkulering kan økte nivåer av urenheter eller sporelementer samle seg i legeringen; videre kan det hende at sammensetningsvinduet til legeringselementer må justeres. Elementer som er mer edle enn aluminium-matriksen, som for eksempel Cu eller Ni, kan føre til flere katodiske punkter på overflaten, som potensielt kan føre til økt risiko for lokaliserte korrosjonsangrep, slik som filiform korrosjon, FFC. For å forhindre FFC utføres en over- flatebehandlingsprosess for å fjerne det aktive overflatelaget og for å forbedre vedheften til det p åførte organiske belegget. Denne forbehandlingsprosessen best år typisk av avfetting, etsing, avsmutsing og konverteringsbelegg. Målet med denne oppgaven var å undersøke effekten av forbehandlingsstegene på overflatesammensetningen og egenskapene til AA6060-legeringer med et Ni-innhold som varierte fra 28 ppm til 456 ppm. I tillegg ble det analysert en legering med et høyt Cu-innhold på 895 ppm. For å undersøke overflatesammensetningen etter hvert steg, ble overflaten karakterisert ved bruk av Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Den alkaliske etseprosessen ble studert in situ ved elektrokjemiske målinger, ved bruk av en roterende skiveelektrode (RDE). Videre ble konsentrasjonen av oppløste legeringse- lementer analysert ved hjelp av Inductively Coupled Ion Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Effekten av økte nivåer av etseprodukter i etseløsningen ble også undersøkt ved elektrokjemisk og komposisjonsanalyse av etsede og avsmutsede prøver. Overflatekomposisjonen ble analysert ved Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GD-OES) og Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Videre ble de elektrokjemiske egenskapene undersøkt ved elektrokjemisk impedansspektroskopi (EIS) og potensiodynamisk polarisering i 0,9M NaCl. Konverteringsbelagte prøver ble studert ved GD-OES og potensiodynamisk polarisering i 0,9M NaCl. I denne analysen ble et kommersielt og laboratorielaget konvert- eringsbelegg sammenlignet, begge basert p ̊a zirkoniumoksid. Overflatekarakterisering ved ToF-SIMS indikerte at det var variasjoner i oksidlagsammensetningen til de etsede prøvene. En høyere sammensetning av Al- og Mg-oksider/ hydroksider og CuO ble funnet i sammenheng med intermetalliske partikler, noe som tyder på at oksidsammensetningen varierer avhengig av legeringssammensetningen under oksidlaget. Elektrokjemiske målinger under etsing viste at den katodiske reaksjonen hovedsakelig domineres av hydrogenutviklingsreaksjonen (HER), som er aktiveringskontrollert. Ni-innholdet hadde ingen effekt på Tafel-helningen, men et økt Ni-innhold førte til en liten økning i utvekslingsstrømtettheten. ICP-MS analysen av etseløsningen viste at både aluminium og betydelige mengder legeringselementer løses opp i løsningen under etsing. Prøver etset i en forurenset etseløsning viste en høyere overflateanrikning av edle elementer, inkludert Fe, Mg, Mn og Ni, sammenlignet med prøver etset i en fersk etseløsning. I tillegg hadde prøvene som var etset i den forurensede løsningen en høyere katodisk aktivitet, som ble tilskrevet økte nivåer av edle legeringselementer i smutslaget dannet på overflaten under etsing. Etter avsmutsing i konsentrert salpetersyre ble det imidlertid ikke observert forskjeller i sammensetning eller elektrokjemisk oppførsel mellom prøver etset i det forurensede og ferske etsebadet. Overflatekarakterisering av de konverteringsbelagte prøvene indikerte at konverteringsbelegget var heterogent ettersom høyere nivåer av Zr- og Zr-oksider ble påvist av ToF-SIMS i nærheten av intermetalliske partikler på overflaten. Økte nivåer av Zr-oksid ble tilskrevet den katodiske oppførselen til de intermetalliske partiklene. En sammenligning av et laboratoriefremstilt og kommersielt konverteringsbelegg viste at den katodiske aktiviteten ble økt for det kommersielle konverteringsbelegget. Dette ble tilskrevet Cu-tilsetningsstoffer i belegget som ble avsatt p ̊a overflaten. En anrikning av Ni ble observert for begge konverteringsbehandlingene, men årsaken til denne anrikningen ble ikke avklart. Uansett hadde Ni-innholdet i legeringen ingen effekt på overflateanrikningen eller den elektrokjemiske oppførselen til de konverteringsbelagte prøvene.Aluminium is a versatile material, because of its high strength-to-weight ratio, ductility and good corrosion resistance. Increased use of recycled aluminium requires the recycled product to have the same properties as primary aluminium. During recycling increased levels of impurities or trace elements may accumulate in the alloy and the composition window of alloy elements may need to be adjusted. Elements more noble than the aluminium matrix, such as Cu or Ni, can lead to more cathodic sites on the surface, which can potentially lead to an increased susceptibility to localized corrosion attacks, such as Filiform corrosion, FFC. To prevent FFC a surface treatment process is performed to remove the active surface layer and to improve the adhesion to the subsequently applied organic coating. This surface treatment process typically consists of degreasing, etching, desmutting and conversion coating. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of the surface treatment steps on the surface composition and properties of AA6060 alloys with a Ni content ranging from 28 ppm to 456 ppm. In addition, an alloy with a high Cu content of 895 ppm was analysed. To investigate the surface composition after each stage, surface characterization was done using Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The alkaline etching process was studied in situ by electrochemical measurements, using a rotating disc electrode (RDE), and the concentration of dissolved alloy elements was analysed by Inductively Coupled Ion Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Further, the effect of contaminations in the etching solution was investigated by electrochemical and compositional analysis of etched and desmutted samples. Samples were analysed by Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GD-OES) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); electrochemical properties were assessed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization in 0.9M NaCl. Further, conversion coated samples were studied by GD-OES and potentiodynamic polarization in 0.9M NaCl. In this analysis a commercial and lab-made conversion coating were compared, both based on zirconium oxide. Surface characterization of the etched samples by ToF-SIMS indicated that the oxide layer was heterogeneous. A higher composition of Al- and Mg-oxide/hydroxides and CuO was found in relation to intermetallic particles, suggesting that the oxide composition varies depending on the alloy composition underneath the oxide layer. Electrochemical measurements during etching showed that the cathodic reaction is mainly dominated by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which was activation controlled. The Ni content had no effect on the Tafel slope, but an increased Ni content lead to a small increase in the exchange current density. ICP-MS analysis of the etching solution showed that both Al and significant amounts of alloy elements dissolve in the solution during etching. Samples etched in a contaminated etching bath solution a higher surface enrichment of noble elements, including Fe, Mg, Mn and Ni, compared to samples etched in a fresh etching solution. In addition, the cathodic activity of the samples etched in the contaminated solution was increased. The increased cathodic activity was attributed to increased levels of noble alloy elements in the smut layer formed on the surface during etching. However, after desmutting in concentrated nitric acid no differences in composition or electrochemical behavior were observed between samples etched in the contaminated and fresh etching bath. Surface characterization of the conversion coated samples indicated that the deposited conversion coating was heterogeneous as higher levels of Zr and Zr-oxides were detected by ToF-SIMS in the vicinity of intermetallic particles on the surface. Increased levels of Zr was attributed to the cathodic nature of the intermetallic particles, enhancing the de- position of ZrO2. A comparison of a lab-made and commercial conversion coating showed that the cathodic activity was higher for the commercial conversion coating, attributed to Cu-additives in the coating which deposited on the surface. An enrichment of Ni was observed for both the conversion treatments, but the cause of this enrichment was not clarified. Nevertheless, the Ni content of the alloy had no effect on the surface enrichment or the electrochemical behavior of the conversion coated samples

Transient friction in pressurized pipes; the water hammer phenomenon

The friction in non-stationary flow is an intriguing and interesting phenomenon. Many types of non-stationary flow exist, and the friction involved in these flows is in many cases significantly different from the steady state friction for the same instantaneous flow. Knowledge of this friction is important for many different fields of engineering, such as dimensioning of pipeline systems, operation and maintenance of pipeline systems, water quality monitoring and stability of the operation of governed components in pipeline systems. Unsteady fluid flow where friction is included is not easily computable, at least not if detailed transient information is desirable for long duration simulations. The complexity in phenomena involved in transients in fluid flows is huge, and simplifications justified for some transient flows might very well be highly erroneous for others types of flows. A general and comprehensive model for the friction involved in transient flow is highly desirable, but unfortunately the models that are closest to meeting this desire is not practically applicable due to the computational demands of the models. One-dimensional models are simple and applicable from a practical point of view, but their accuracy has traditionally been limited. One-dimensional models have been able to simulate maximum peak pressures for single pipelines, but not the general dynamics of the pressure-time history with correct dampening. This is a problem in pipeline systems because dimensioning pressures are not necessarily only dependent on peak pressure values but also the decay and build-up of the pressure-time history. The work presented in this thesis is using a novel methodology in order to find coefficients that highly improve the accuracy of one particular one-dimensional unsteady friction model for the case of a sudden closure of a downstream valve for an initial flow at low Reynolds number. The methodology in finding these coefficients is based on the unique periodicity of local accelerations that occur due to the pressure wave that travels between boundaries and the physically founded weighting function used in the Convolution Based models. This cause the two coefficients used to become position dependent, thus curving the characteristic lines in the Method of Characteristics solution scheme. The improvement is not proven general, but the methodology represents an improvement of simulated pressure traces that is significant. The approach in finding these coefficients is based on physical considerations, although the methodology itself must be classified as empirical.PhD i energi- og prosessteknikkPhD in Energy and Process Engineerin

Applications of screw extrusion for pure aluminium and aluminium foils

This thesis has assessed the effect of the screw extrusion process on a super pure aluminium Ø 3mm wire. This thesis also determined that commercial quality aluminium foil can be screw extruded using the prototype found at Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. The foil was screw extruded into a Ø 3mm wire and a Ø 10mm round profile. \par The electrical conductivity of screw extruded Ø 3mm wires were tested and showed a minimal decrease in conductivity for the super pure aluminium (SP-Al) compared to values found in literature (64.60\%IACS for SP-Al versus 64.95\% found in literature). The conductivity for the aluminium foil based wire varied around 57\%IACS due to the high iron content (1.24wt\%). The mechanical properties for the best performing super pure aluminium measured a hardness of 21.4HV and an Ulitmate Tensile Strength (UTS) of 43MPa. The mechanical properties for the screw extruded aluminium foil based Ø 3mm wire showed a hardness of 35$\pm$4HV varying with extrusion temperature with a stable UTS of 110MPa. The screw extruded aluminium foil based Ø 10mm profile had similar results with low deviation. The screw extruded aluminium foil based profiles both fractured in a ductile manner, with one out of eight samples deviating from a ductile fracture

Oppdrett av NRF-kviger : tilvekst og effekter på avdrått i første laktasjon

The thesis is part of a larger research project aiming to determine the impact of calf and youngstock development on dairy cow production and profitability. Paper I utilized field data to find a more marginal effect of parity of dam or age within parity of dam on daughters milk yield. This would suggest that age and parity of dam should be included in models when planning a future strategy. The milk yield of daughters decreased with increasing parity. Paper II found the average growth rate of Norwegian Red heifers to be moderate under field conditions in Norway with about 770 g/d. Normal biological variation might explain the spread shown for average herd BW gain between 5 and 15 months of age ranging from 615 to 1,053 g/day. Milk production in first lactation peaks at an AFC of 26 months of age, and suggests that Norwegian heifers with todays’ feeding practices do not reach sexual maturity until 17 months of age, i.e. reach the level of maturity when they can sustain a pregnancy without adverse effects. Thus, the potential for growth of the genetically improved heifer is not met under field conditions in Norway. Paper III Using a simple, roughage-based feeding strategy in which 66 Norwegian Red had been fed one kg of concentrate and energy supply was regulated with roughage quality we have confirmed that it is possible to rear heifers for a rapid weight gain (about 940 g/d) from 3 mo of age to conception and a moderate daily gain (about 550 g/d) through pregnancy without negative effects on lactation performance of the primiparous cow. This reduces age at first calving to 22 months, results in a flatter lactation curve, improved body condition score and body weight change profiles together with increased roughage uptake in the first part of the lactation. When challenged with reduced concentrate supply from 120 days in lactation the animals responded by keeping up milk production. Thus, results suggest we have succeeded to make a cow that have an increased uptake of DM from roughage.Hovedmålet med denne doktorgraden var å undersøke hvordan tilveksten til rekrutteringskviger i norske besetninger påvirker den senere melkeytelsen, og designe en fôringsstrategi som kan redusere innkalvingsalderen uten at det går utover senere egenskaper som melkeku. Artikkel I viste at med en utbredt bruk av kviger som mødre eller at mødrene innen paritet er unge ved kalving vil det gi en systematiske effekt på døtrenes melkeytelse. Døtrenes melkeytelse reduseres i takt med økende paritet på mødrene. Effektene er imidlertid små og vil ikke gi utslag på små datasett som dem i artikkel II og III. Artikkel II fant at gjennomsnittlig tilvekst hos NRF-kviger er moderat i norske besetninger, omtrent 770 g/d. Gjennomsnittlig besetningstilvekst for kviger mellom 5 og 15 måneder varierte fra 615 til 1.053 g/d og må nok tilskrives normal biologisk variasjon. Melkeproduksjonen var høyest for kviger med innkalvingsalder på 26 måneder, og antyder at dagens fôring av norske kviger ikke gir modne dyr, før ved 17 måneders alder. Noe som betyr at det økte vekstpotensialet på grunn av genetisk framgang ikke blir dekket i dagens rekrutteringsoppdrett. Artikkel III ved å fôre kviger fra 3 måneders alder til konstatert drektighet ved bruk av 1 kg kraftfôr til alle og energitilførsel regulert ved hjelp av grovfôrkvaliteten (surfôr og surfôr tilblandet halm), vil kviger kunne vokse opptil 940 g om dagen (og 550 g om dagen etter konstatert drektighet) uten at det har påviselige negative effekter i første laktasjon. Da vil en kunne oppnå kalving så tidlig som ved 22 måneders alder, få en flatere melkekurve, bedre hold, ønskelig tilvekst og økt grovfôropptak. Slike dyr vil respondere bedre på redusert kraftfôrtilførsel seinere i laktasjonen. Dette tyder på at vi har lykkes med å lage ei ku som i større grad er i stand til å utnytte norske grovfôrressurser.Norwegian Research Council, TINE SA, Animalia and Felleskjøpet Fôrutviklin

Decisional responsibility for mechanical ventilation and weaning: an international survey

Abstract Introduction Optimal management of mechanical ventilation and weaning requires dynamic and collaborative decision making to minimize complications and avoid delays in the transition to extubation. In the absence of collaboration, ventilation decision making may be fragmented, inconsistent, and delayed. Our objective was to describe the professional group with responsibility for key ventilation and weaning decisions and to examine organizational characteristics associated with nurse involvement. Methods A multi-center, cross-sectional, self-administered survey was sent to nurse managers of adult intensive care units (ICUs) in Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, Netherlands and United Kingdom (UK). We summarized data as proportions (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) and calculated odds ratios (OR) to examine ICU organizational variables associated with collaborative decision making. Results Response rates ranged from 39% (UK) to 92% (Switzerland), providing surveys from 586 ICUs. Interprofessional collaboration (nurses and physicians) was the most common approach to initial selection of ventilator settings (63% (95% CI 59 to 66)), determination of extubation readiness (71% (67 to 75)), weaning method (73% (69 to 76)), recognition of weaning failure (84% (81 to 87)) and weaning readiness (85% (82 to 87)), and titration of ventilator settings (88% (86 to 91)). A nurse-to-patient ratio other than 1:1 was associated with decreased interprofessional collaboration during titration of ventilator settings (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.6), weaning method (0.4 (0.2 to 0.9)), determination of extubation readiness (0.5 (0.2 to 0.9)) and weaning failure (0.4 (0.1 to 1.0)). Use of a weaning protocol was associated with increased collaborative decision making for determining weaning (1.8 (1.0 to 3.3)) and extubation readiness (1.9 (1.2 to 3.0)), and weaning method (1.8 (1.1 to 3.0). Country of ICU location influenced the profile of responsibility for all decisions. Automated weaning modes were used in 55% of ICUs. Conclusions Collaborative decision making for ventilation and weaning was employed in most ICUs in all countries although this was influenced by nurse-to-patient ratio, presence of a protocol, and varied across countries. Potential clinical implications of a lack of collaboration include delayed adaptation of ventilation to changing physiological parameters, and delayed recognition of weaning and extubation readiness resulting in unnecessary prolongation of ventilation

Capability development in an Ethiopian context : a study of the AKAKI College : "How does the AKAKI College in Ethiopia promote the development of capabilities for underprivileged female students?"

Abstract: In this thesis there is a focus on providing and promoting capabilities through higher education for young underprivileged female students in Ethiopia. There are many reasons for discrimination. Firstly, these students are discriminated because they are young females in a patriarchal society; Secondly, they are underprivileged, and many of these students are abandoned or have weak family connections; as is a problem in a country where tribe, clan and families are of great importance; Thirdly, due to lack of resources in the community where they belong, rather few young females have access to any education at all, and only a few percent in the whole country, have access to higher education. By studying the Human Development and Capability Approach (HDCA) and the lists of capabilities created by and through education of several researchers, I also generated my own set of capabilities. Through a qualitative fieldwork and a hermeneutic approach I searched for possible capabilities promoted at the AKAKI College. I applied semi-structured interviews of the teachers and participant observation in my social contact in the context of AKAKI College. The teachers at AKAKI are more than module’s instructors; they are obliged by their curriculum to be active in the students social life, to advice and counsel the students to develop their personality, to be motivated and to aspire and plan for a good life for them selves and others, and to keep a good contact with the community to which they belong. Teaching and testing are closely related, also at the AKAKI College where the teachers are obliged to follow the SWOT-analyses (strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat) to assess students strengths and weaknesses, as well as threats and opportunities, in order to promote sustainable capabilities that provides important life-skills and a sustainable development. Additionally AKAKI College want to educate a workforce for the Ethiopian market, as is claimed through their curriculum in order to follow the Human Capital Approach (HC). In HC one claims that the uneducated masses are a country’s hidden assets, and by providing education one can raise the countries GNP; While in the HDCA, “Human development goes much further than human capital approach in thinking about the ways in which education enhances freedom” (Unterhalter, (2007: 214). To achieve functionings such as getting a job that requires literacy is by Vaughan (2007:117) considered as “educational agency”. This is closely related to each individual’s visions and choices in their search for educational functionings through choices of capabilities and substantive freedoms. Through my research of my main question: “How does the AKAKI College in Ethiopia promote the development of capabilities for underprivileged female students?” I tried to find possible paths for human development through the capabilities promoted by the institution of AKAKI College that will increase economic and social development for young unprivileged females, not only for the society. The AKAKI College’s curriculum are providing academic knowledge and life-skill and hereby promoting important capabilities for their students. The whole program at the institution of AKAKI College hinders dropouts through their financial support, the boarding and the diverse health and social security programs. I found that the AKAKI College motivate and inspire students to put the achieved and chosen capabilities into functionings and to use “their actual freedom to be and to do what they value” (Nussbaum 2011:18). My main references for information of the Ethiopian educational system were Lasonen et al (2005) and Gulliksen & Audensen (2013), in addition to HERQA (2006). Through studying different development reports I learned about the past central focuses of human development, in special the “Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All” (HDR-a, (2011). My choice of theory Human Development and Capability Approach (HDCA) is enlightened by studying literature by the main contributors to HDCA, Amartya Sen (1999; 2009) and Martha Nussbaum (2011) who focus on development of capabilities, and people’s freedom to put them into practice. Additionally, I have studied different HDCA researchers focus on capabilities developed through education i.e. Robeyns, Biggeri, Terzi, Flores-Crespo, Vaughan, and Walker (referred in Walker and Unterhalter, 2007), and in Deneulin & Shahani (2009). Sammendrag: denne avhandlingen fokuserer jeg på hvordan en kan formidle og utvikle kapabiliteter gjennom høyere utdanning for unge underpriviligerte kvinnelige studenter i Etiopia. Der er mange grunner for diskriminering; For det første i et patriarkalsk samfunn så er disse kvinnene diskriminert på grunn av sitt kjønn. For det andre er de underpriviligerte fordi de er foreldre-løse eller har svake familiære bånd, noe som kan være et problem i et land der stamme, klan og familie spiller en stor rolle. For det tredje, grunnet manglende ressurser i lokalsamfunnet, er det få unge kvinner som får tilbud eller adgang til utdanning og på landsbasis er det bare noen få prosent som har adgang til høyere utdanning. Ved å studere Human Development og Capability Approach (HDCA), og ulike kapabilitets-lister som er laget av flere HDCA forskere for bruk i utdannings-øyemed besluttet jeg å forme mitt eget sett av kapabiliteter. Jeg benyttet en kvalitativ metode og en hermeneutisk tilnærming til mitt feltarbeid ved AKAKI College. I min hermeneutiske søken etter mulige kapabiliteter benyttet jeg derfor en «semi-strukturert» intervjuguide for intervju av lærerne, og deltagende observasjon i sosial kontakt med lærere og studenter ved AKAKI College. Lærerne ved AKAKI er mer enn faglige instruktører; ut fra fagplanene er de bundet til å være aktive i studentenes sosiale liv, være rådgivere og konsulenter slik at studentene kan utvikle sin personlighet, bli motiverte for utdanningen og inspirerte til å planlegge et godt liv for seg selv og andre, og lære studentene til å bevare et godt forhold til sitt eget lokalsamfunn. Undervisning og evaluering er nært knyttet sammen, og på AKAKI College er lærerne bundet til å følge SWOT analyser, for å evaluere studentenes styrke og svakheter, deres trusler og muligheter for å bidra med utvikling av kapabiliteter for å utvikle faglig kunnskap og gi en bærekraftig utdanning. I tillegg sier fagplanene for AKAKI College at lærerne skal utdanne en arbeidsstyrke for det Etiopiske markedet, i tråd med Human Capital tilnærmingen (HC). HC erklærer at alle analfabeter er landets «menneskelige» kapital, og ved å bidra til opplæring vil de ved sin utdanning og arbeidskraft kunne bidra til økning av landets GNP; Derimot innen HDCA er den menneskelige utvikling viktigst fordi en her er opptatt av hvordan utdanning bidrar til frihet. “Human development goes much further than human capital approach in thinking about the ways in which education enhances freedom” (Unterhalter, 2007:214). Functionings som bidrar til et arbeid som krever leseferdigheter, betrakter Vaughan (2007:117) som en “educational agency”, og dette er nært knyttet til den enkelte students visjoner og valgmuligheter i deres søken etter mulige utdannings-funksjoner gjennom valg av kapabiliteter og personlig frihet. Gjennom mitt hoved- forskningsspørsmål: “How does the AKAKI College in Ethiopia promote the development of capabilities for underprivileged female students?” har jeg prøvd å finne en vei for menneskelig utvikling gjennom de kapabilitetene som er fremmet ved NLCC AKAKI College, som vil bidra til å øke økonomisk og sosial utvikling for unge underprivilegerte kvinner, ikke bare for samfunnet. Undervisning etter fagplanene for AKAKI College bidrar til akademisk kunnskap og livslang læring som er viktige for den enkelte students utvikling av sine kapabiliteter. Dessuten bidrar de finansielle bidrag, internatet og tryggheten ved de ulike helse- og sosial-program til at en ikke har «drop-outs». Opplegget ved institusjonen AKAKI College motiverer derfor studentene til å benytte seg av sine valg kapabiliteter og sin frihet til å være og å gjøre det de ser som viktig; “their actual freedom to be and to do what they value” (Nussbaum 2011:18). Sentrale kilder for informasjon om utdanningssystemet i Etiopia har vært Lasonen et al (2005) og Gulliksen & Audensen (2013), i tillegg til HERQA (2006). Studier av ulike Human Developments rapporter (HDR) har bidratt til kunnskap om sentrale fokuseringer for menneskelig utvikling i ulike epoker, særskilt ”Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All” (HDR-a, (2011). Mitt teorivalg, Human Development and Capability Approach (HDCA) er belyst gjennom studier av de to viktigste bidragsyterne Amartya Sen (1999; 2009) og Martha Nussbaum (2011) som fokuserer på utvikling av kapabiliteter, og menneskers frihet til å sette disse ut i praksis. Videre har jeg studert andre HDCA forskere som fokuserer på ulike former for kapabilitetsutvikling gjennom utdanning, f.eks. Robeyns, Biggeri, Terzi, Flores-Crespo, Vaughan, and Walker (referert i Walker and Unterhalter, 2007), samt Deneulin & Shahani (2009)