Железнодорожное строительство в Российской империи (1836-1917): истоки и развитие

Історія залізничного будівництва в Російській імперії, в тому числі і в Україні, і цікава, і повчальна. Адже залізничне будівництво — це головний напрямок промислового перевороту в транспортній галузі, вагомий прискорювач економічного розвитку й загальної соціально-економічної модернізації суспільства. У статті висвітлено витоки та розвиток залізничного будівництва в Російській імперії за період 1836—1917 років. Розглянуто етапи формування залізничної мережі. Окреслено внесок в розвиток залізничної галузі видатних інженерів та вчених, багато з яких є вихідцями з українських земель. Висвітлено роль Ф. А. Герстнера та П. П. Мельникова як основоположників залізничного будівництва у нашій державі. Доведено винятково визначальну роль Інституту Корпусу інженерів залізничного транспорту (Санкт-Петербург) у формуванні залізничної політики Російської імперії, описана коротка історія становлення та розвитку мережі залізниць на теренах України.The history of railway construction in the Russian Empire, including Ukraine, is both interesting and enlightening. However, railway construction is the main direction of the industrial revolution in transport, a significant accelerator of economic development and overall socio-economic modernization of society. The article deals with the origins and development of railway construction in the Russian Empire during the 1836—1917. It has been shown the contribution of outstanding engineers and scientists many of whom originate from Ukrainian lands, to the development of railway sector. It has been highlighted the role of F. A. Gerstner and P. P. Melnikov as the founders of railway construction in our country. It has been proved an exceptionally decisive role of the Institute for Railway Transport Engineers Corps (St. Petersburg) in railway policy formation in the Russian Empire. It is described a brief history of the railway network formation and development in Ukraine.История железнодорожного строительства в Российской империи, в том числе и в Украине, и интересная, и поучительна. Ведь железнодорожное строительство – это главное направление промышленного переворота в транспортной отрасли, весомый ускоритель экономического развития и общей социально-экономической модернизации общества. В статье освещены истоки и развитие железнодорожного строительства в Российской империи за период 1836-1917. Рассмотрены этапы формирования железнодорожной сети. Определены вклад в развитие железнодорожной отрасли выдающихся инженеров и ученых, многие из которых являются выходцами из украинских земель. Освещена роль Ф. А. Герстнера и П. П. Мельникова как основоположников железнодорожного строительства в нашей стране. Доказано исключительно определяющую роль Института Корпуса инженеров железнодорожного транспорта (Санкт-Петербург) в формировании железнодорожной политики Российской империи, описана краткая история становления и развития сети железных дорог на территории Украины

Концентрация сортировочной работы и конструктивные изменения схем сортировочных железнодорожных станций за рубежом (вторая половина ХХ века)

У статті описані основні напрямки в розвитку транспортних вузлів за кордоном у другій половині ХХ століття. Показані концентрація сортувальної роботи та конструктивні зміни схем сортувальних залізничних станцій. Історія свідчить, що велика увага у зарубіжній практиці післявоєнного періоду приділялася питанням раціонального розміщення реконструйованих і споруджуваних сортувальних станцій. У більшості випадків сортувальні станції розвивалися протягом тривалого часу у відповідності з приватними інтересами залізничних товариств. Зміна економіки країн і умов роботи залізниць у другій половині ХХ століття. зумовили більш раціональне розміщення сортувальних станцій на усій мережі залізниць кожної конкретної країни. Історія науки і техніки засвідчує, що сучасні сортувальні станції зарубіжних залізниць в ході реконструкції обладнуються новітніми технічними пристроями, які забезпечують автоматичне встановлення маршрутів, автоматичне гальмування вагонів з допомогою сповільнювачів та ін. Дослідження проблеми концентрації сортувальної роботи і конструктивних схем сортувальних станцій надзвичайно актуальні і в наш час.The article describes basic directions in transport junctions’ abroad in the second half of the XX century. The sorting works’ concentration and structural changes in the schemes for the railway marshalling yards are given in the article as well. The history shows that in the postwar practice abroad much attention was paid to rational distribution of reconstructed and newly erected marshalling railway yards. In most cases for a long period the railway marshalling yards were developing according to private interests of railway societies. In the second half of the XX century changes in the countries’ economies and in the railway operational conditions determined more rational distribution of the railway marshalling yards in the rail network of every country. The history of science and technology testifies that when modern railway marshalling yards abroad were reconstructed, they were equipped with newest technical devices providing self-routing, automatic cars’ braking by means of moderators etc. The research of the sorting works’ concentration and structural changes in the schemes for railway marshalling yards is of extreme topicality nowadays.В статье описанные основные направления в развитии транспортных узлов за рубежом во второй половине ХХ века. Показаны концентрация сортировочной работы и конструктивные изменения схем сортировочных железнодорожных станций. История свидетельствует, что большое внимание в зарубежной практике послевоенного периода уделялось вопросам рационального размещения реконструированных и сооружаемых сортировочных станций. В большинстве случаев сортировочные станции развивались в течение длительного времени в соответствии с частными интересами железнодорожных обществ. Изменение экономики стран и условий работы железных дорог во второй половине ХХ века обусловили более рациональное размещение сортировочных станций на всей сети железных дорог каждой конкретной страны. История науки и техники удостоверяет, что современные сортировочные станции зарубежных железных дорог в ходе реконструкции оборудуются новейшими техническими устройствами, которые обеспечивают автоматическое установление маршрутов, автоматическое торможение вагонов с помощью замедлителей и др. Исследования проблемы концентрации сортировочной работы и конструктивных схем сортировочных станций чрезвычайно актуальны и в наше время

Catalytic performance of carbonaceous materials in the esterification of succinic acid

Mesoporous carbonaceous materials have outstanding potential in many different applications such as adsorption, medicine and catalysis. We have recently reported the synthesis of a new form of mesoporous carbon, named Starbon((R)), obtained after low temperature carbonization of expanded starch. Such starch-derived mesoporous materials have several tunable properties including surface energies (ranging from hydrophilic to hydrophobic surfaces), which can be easily controlled by the degree of carbonization (from 200 to 700 degrees C). Due to the diversity of surface functional groups, Starbons((R)) can be easily chemically modified. Treatment of Starbon((R)) materials with sulfuric acid gave a solid acid that has promising properties as heterogeneous catalyst. Comparative catalytic studies with some other similar commercial carbonaceous materials such as DARCO((R)) and NORIT (R), as well as phosphorous-containing microporous carbons, are reported. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Stages of development, improvement and application of equipment for welding in space, created with the participation of Ukrainian scientists

The article is devoted to the historical analysis of development and improvement of electrotechnical equipment that was developed and applied in the USSR to conduct works on welding and related technologies in space in the period from the 60s to the 90s of the last century and to assess the contribution of Ukrainian scientists in this field.Etapy rozwoju, ulepszania i stosowania sprzętu do spawania w kosmosie, tworzonego z udziałem ukraińskich naukowców Artykuł poświęcono analizie historycznej rozwoju i doskonalenia sprzętu elektrotechnicznego, który tworzono i stosowano w ZSRR do prowadzenia prac nad spawaniem i pokrewnymi technologiami w kosmosie w okresie od lat 60. do 90. Ubiegłego wieku oraz ocenie wkładu ukraińskich naukowców w tej dziedzinie

In search of driving factors of the social processes. Review of the monograph: L. A. Griffen. Missing link. Communication of productive forces and production relations: monograph. Odesa: Kuprienko SV, 2023. 147 pp. ISBN 978-617-7880-34-8

Review of the monograph: L. A. Griffen. Missing link. Communication of productive forces and production relations: monograph. Odesa: Kuprienko SV, 2023. 147 pp. ISBN 978-617-7880-34-8Review of the monograph: L. A. Griffen. Missing link. Communication of productive forces and production relations: monograph. Odesa: Kuprienko SV, 2023. 147 pp. ISBN 978-617-7880-34-8 &nbsp

PREFACE

This issue of the journal begins with an article by Gennadiy V. Bulavko that provides an in-depth exploration of organic photovoltaics, a key green energy technology. The article traces its development from early theoretical concepts to its current status as a promising option for sustainable energy production. The research thoroughly examines the series of milestones in converting solar energy into electrical power, focusing on the evolution, technological advancements, and inherent challenges of organic solar cells. It reviews the foundational aspects of organic photovoltaics, including the initial discoveries and subsequent material science enhancements that have significantly improved the efficiency and practicality of organic solar cells. Skepticism and critical inquiry are essential in the scientific process, serving as protections against the "ad verecundiam" fallacy, where claims are accepted merely based on authority. The next article thoroughly investigates Augustin-Jean Fresnel's challenge to Newton's corpuscular theory with his innovative wave theory of light. By examining how Fresnel overcame challenges, it offers lessons on constructing scientific knowledge, highlighting the need to avoid accepting theories based solely on authority and instead focus on empirical evidence and theoretical coherence. Fresnel's case serves as a valuable example for teaching the history of science and understanding the evolution of complex scientific concepts. The article by Iryna Humenna focuses on the national, cultural, educational, and scientific activities of Ukrainian student societies in Eastern Galicia from the late nineteenth century to 1939, examining their cooperation with Metropolitan A. Sheptytskyi. Using chronological, historical-comparative, retrospective, and interdisciplinary methods, including the structural method, the author analyzes historical evidence. The study investigates the functioning of Ukrainian student societies in difficult and unfavorable conditions and demonstrates that their primary aim was the consolidation of society and the realization of national and cultural aspirations of the Ukrainian people. This was achieved by catalyzing processes in the educational and scientific spheres through active interaction with A. Sheptytskyi. During the period covered, students collaborated with various political parties, participated in the First World War, and fought for the establishment of the Ukrainian University as a center of higher education and a Ukrainian scientific school. The article by authors from Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University of Ukraine examines the development of the problem-solving method in the history of pedagogy, both in theory and practice. The research findings show that problem-solving teaching and learning is viewed as a process in which students solve cognitive and practical problems, stimulating their creative and mental activity and promoting active participation in learning. The significant potential of the problem-solving teaching method has been extensively utilized in higher education. The ideas and accumulated pedagogically valuable experiences of implementing problem-solving teaching in higher education offer a valuable theoretical framework and teaching tools for ensuring and enhancing the intellectual and professional competence of future specialists, thereby improving the quality of higher education. The next article discusses a study on the role of natural knowledge in organizing agricultural research in Ukraine's forest-steppe zone. It provides insights based on available sources about efforts to establish an agricultural experimentation framework in the Forest-Steppe region during the first quarter of the 20th century, following a regional approach. This initiative included the operation of two regional agricultural research centers in slightly different areas of the Forest-Steppe. In the right-bank area, agricultural experimentation was conducted by the Kyiv Agricultural Research Station, along with various district institutions. In contrast, the left-bank area was served by the Kharkiv Agricultural Research Station, along with district and specialized research institutions. The natural science experience accumulated in the early 20th century significantly contributed to developing the theoretical and methodological foundations for advancing agricultural science and research in Ukraine. Pantelis Zoiopoulos's detailed study offers a comprehensive evaluation of the national and international career of the eminent Greek agriculturist Ioannis Papadakis. The study highlights how Papadakis, primarily working as a plant breeder since 1923, addressed the major challenge of achieving wheat self-sufficiency in Greece by developing new, high-yielding varieties that adapted well to the country's adverse soil and climatic conditions. In 1947, after being invited by Argentina to create its ecological map, Papadakis permanently moved there. He had published the pioneering book "Agricultural Ecology" in French in 1938 and was invited to write the "Soils" entry for the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Papadakis worked for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and researched agricultural issues in South America, West Africa, Southeast Asia, and other regions. He authored numerous research and review papers on various agricultural topics, including field crops, plant breeding, biometry, soil science, agricultural ecology, and rural economy and policy. The article by authors from the Research Center for Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology of the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia investigates how municipalities managed wastewater in the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. The focus is on Bandung, one of the most significant cities in the Dutch East Indies, which evolved into a modern residential area, economic hub, and government seat. This research uses historical-archaeological methods, combining primary data from written sources and field observations. The study reveals that Bandung faced environmental issues, such as the local population's habit of defecating in rivers and open spaces, which spread diseases and polluted river water. The next article is devoted to the study of the history of the emergence and development of additive technologies in world artistic ceramics. The article analyzes information on the history of the emergence of additive technologies. The principle of operation of 3D printing equipment, features of its use, the most common areas of use and materials used in 3D printing have been considered. The article by authors from Kharkiv State Academy of Culture of Ukraine examines the carved support beams from the homes of Cossack elder families and Orthodox clergy in the Hetmanate during the last quarter of the 17th century to the end of the 18th century. The creation of these elaborately ornamented support beams served as a confirmation of the homeowners' social status and artistic tastes, as well as a demonstration of the master carvers' skill level of that era. The next article presents a comprehensive review of Prussian Blue, a pigment with a rich history and diverse applications. It explores the pigment's origins, artistic uses, and chemical properties. The review emphasizes the wide-ranging applications of Prussian Blue, demonstrating its enduring relevance and evolution beyond its historical beginnings. The next article examines how the socio-economic conditions in Bukovyna influenced the formation and development of the railway network in the region. It explores whether these processes aligned with the global trends of the time. The article also analyzes the impact of railway construction on the social aspects of life in Bukovyna. The authors from Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University made an attempt to explain the evolution of architectural styles of theater buildings from ancient times to modern times. It helps to understand the influence of cultural, technological and social factors on architectural decisions. The article analyzes the relationship between the development of theater architecture and social aspects, such as changes in audience tastes, the role of theater in society, and the reflection of political and cultural trends in buildings.This issue of the journal begins with an article by Gennadiy V. Bulavko that provides an in-depth exploration of organic photovoltaics, a key green energy technology. The article traces its development from early theoretical concepts to its current status as a promising option for sustainable energy production. The research thoroughly examines the series of milestones in converting solar energy into electrical power, focusing on the evolution, technological advancements, and inherent challenges of organic solar cells. It reviews the foundational aspects of organic photovoltaics, including the initial discoveries and subsequent material science enhancements that have significantly improved the efficiency and practicality of organic solar cells. Skepticism and critical inquiry are essential in the scientific process, serving as protections against the "ad verecundiam" fallacy, where claims are accepted merely based on authority. The next article thoroughly investigates Augustin-Jean Fresnel's challenge to Newton's corpuscular theory with his innovative wave theory of light. By examining how Fresnel overcame challenges, it offers lessons on constructing scientific knowledge, highlighting the need to avoid accepting theories based solely on authority and instead focus on empirical evidence and theoretical coherence. Fresnel's case serves as a valuable example for teaching the history of science and understanding the evolution of complex scientific concepts. The article by Iryna Humenna focuses on the national, cultural, educational, and scientific activities of Ukrainian student societies in Eastern Galicia from the late nineteenth century to 1939, examining their cooperation with Metropolitan A. Sheptytskyi. Using chronological, historical-comparative, retrospective, and interdisciplinary methods, including the structural method, the author analyzes historical evidence. The study investigates the functioning of Ukrainian student societies in difficult and unfavorable conditions and demonstrates that their primary aim was the consolidation of society and the realization of national and cultural aspirations of the Ukrainian people. This was achieved by catalyzing processes in the educational and scientific spheres through active interaction with A. Sheptytskyi. During the period covered, students collaborated with various political parties, participated in the First World War, and fought for the establishment of the Ukrainian University as a center of higher education and a Ukrainian scientific school. The article by authors from Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University of Ukraine examines the development of the problem-solving method in the history of pedagogy, both in theory and practice. The research findings show that problem-solving teaching and learning is viewed as a process in which students solve cognitive and practical problems, stimulating their creative and mental activity and promoting active participation in learning. The significant potential of the problem-solving teaching method has been extensively utilized in higher education. The ideas and accumulated pedagogically valuable experiences of implementing problem-solving teaching in higher education offer a valuable theoretical framework and teaching tools for ensuring and enhancing the intellectual and professional competence of future specialists, thereby improving the quality of higher education. The next article discusses a study on the role of natural knowledge in organizing agricultural research in Ukraine's forest-steppe zone. It provides insights based on available sources about efforts to establish an agricultural experimentation framework in the Forest-Steppe region during the first quarter of the 20th century, following a regional approach. This initiative included the operation of two regional agricultural research centers in slightly different areas of the Forest-Steppe. In the right-bank area, agricultural experimentation was conducted by the Kyiv Agricultural Research Station, along with various district institutions. In contrast, the left-bank area was served by the Kharkiv Agricultural Research Station, along with district and specialized research institutions. The natural science experience accumulated in the early 20th century significantly contributed to developing the theoretical and methodological foundations for advancing agricultural science and research in Ukraine. Pantelis Zoiopoulos's detailed study offers a comprehensive evaluation of the national and international career of the eminent Greek agriculturist Ioannis Papadakis. The study highlights how Papadakis, primarily working as a plant breeder since 1923, addressed the major challenge of achieving wheat self-sufficiency in Greece by developing new, high-yielding varieties that adapted well to the country's adverse soil and climatic conditions. In 1947, after being invited by Argentina to create its ecological map, Papadakis permanently moved there. He had published the pioneering book "Agricultural Ecology" in French in 1938 and was invited to write the "Soils" entry for the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Papadakis worked for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and researched agricultural issues in South America, West Africa, Southeast Asia, and other regions. He authored numerous research and review papers on various agricultural topics, including field crops, plant breeding, biometry, soil science, agricultural ecology, and rural economy and policy. The article by authors from the Research Center for Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology of the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia investigates how municipalities managed wastewater in the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. The focus is on Bandung, one of the most significant cities in the Dutch East Indies, which evolved into a modern residential area, economic hub, and government seat. This research uses historical-archaeological methods, combining primary data from written sources and field observations. The study reveals that Bandung faced environmental issues, such as the local population's habit of defecating in rivers and open spaces, which spread diseases and polluted river water. The next article is devoted to the study of the history of the emergence and development of additive technologies in world artistic ceramics. The article analyzes information on the history of the emergence of additive technologies. The principle of operation of 3D printing equipment, features of its use, the most common areas of use and materials used in 3D printing have been considered. The article by authors from Kharkiv State Academy of Culture of Ukraine examines the carved support beams from the homes of Cossack elder families and Orthodox clergy in the Hetmanate during the last quarter of the 17th century to the end of the 18th century. The creation of these elaborately ornamented support beams served as a confirmation of the homeowners' social status and artistic tastes, as well as a demonstration of the master carvers' skill level of that era. The next article presents a comprehensive review of Prussian Blue, a pigment with a rich history and diverse applications. It explores the pigment's origins, artistic uses, and chemical properties. The review emphasizes the wide-ranging applications of Prussian Blue, demonstrating its enduring relevance and evolution beyond its historical beginnings. The next article examines how the socio-economic conditions in Bukovyna influenced the formation and development of the railway network in the region. It explores whether these processes aligned with the global trends of the time. The article also analyzes the impact of railway construction on the social aspects of life in Bukovyna. The authors from Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University made an attempt to explain the evolution of architectural styles of theater buildings from ancient times to modern times. It helps to understand the influence of cultural, technological and social factors on architectural decisions. The article analyzes the relationship between the development of theater architecture and social aspects, such as changes in audience tastes, the role of theater in society, and the reflection of political and cultural trends in buildings

Selective removal of heavy metals using novel active carbons

Porous carbonaceous adsorbent materials possessing weakly acidic surface functional groups have been evaluated for the selective removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Active carbons derived from both agricultural products (KAU carbons) and polymeric resin (CKC carbon) have been oxidised by hot air or nitric acid to produce samples with different degrees of surface oxidation. A novel phosphorus-containing carbonaceous sorbent (PGP-P) has been prepared by pyrolysis of phosphorylated phenol-formaldehyde resin. Surface modifications have been carried out to introduce various acidic functional groups capable of selective heavy metal binding. The properties of these sorbents have been compared to those of commercially available polymeric carboxylic resin C 104 (Purolite) and oxidised Filtrasorb 400 (Chemviron). Investigation into the physical structure of the adsorbents using microscopy and nitrogen sorption at liquid nitrogen temperatures showed that the porous structure is adversely affected by carbon oxidation. The surface area and pore volume decrease as the degree of surface oxidation increases. The low surface area and pore volume of PGP-P was attributed to the presence of phosphorus-containing functional groups which protect the surface from excessive burn-off. The surface functionality of the sorbcnts was determined by FT-IR, NMR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Relatively high concentrations of different weakly acidic functional groups were detected on the surface of the materials studied. The ion-exchange properties of the sorbents were assessed by acid-base titration techniques and electrophoretic mobility measurements. Oxidation of carbons with hot air resulted in a greater proportion of relatively weaker type surface functionality (i.e. phenolic) whereas nitric acid modification produced a higher concentration of relatively stronger carboxylic groups. Electrophoretic mobility measurements suggested that the carbon surface is negatively charged within the range of pH values studied. pH titration results demonstrated relatively greater surface acidity of active carbons compared to carboxylic resin. Active carbons were successfully applied for the selective removal of radionuclides. The materials showed excellent decontamination factors for a-, b- and y emitters. This was attributed to the presence of mineral admixtures and humic acids in carbons as well as the surface functional groups. Repeated cycles of lead sorption/elution indicated that the metal capacities of the carbon-packed mini-columns were reduced but reached a steady level after 3-4 cycles

A review of the catalytic oxidation of carbon-carbon composite aircraft brakes

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version, made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License CC BY NC-ND 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The final, definitive version of this paper is available online at doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.08.100.The use of de-icing chemicals at airport runways has been shown to produce oxides and carbonates of sodium, potassium and calcium which catalyse the oxidation of carbon-carbon composite aircraft brakes leading to an increase of the oxidation rate by an order of magnitude. This review reports on studies that have characterised the catalytic oxidation and discusses the mechanism of the catalytic reaction based on investigations that were carried out with both C-C composites and carbon as a fossil fuel. The alkali metal oxides/carbonates are more active catalysts and in their case, the redox reaction between the monoxides and the peroxides has been identified as the most likely catalysis mechanism. In order to reduce or eliminate the problem of catalysis, doping with boron or phosphorus compounds has been investigated by a number of researchers. The effect of these along with the use of protective coatings is also reviewed.Peer reviewe

PREFACE

In the new issue, our scientific journal offers you nine scientific articles. As always, we try to offer a wide variety of topics and areas and follow current trends in the history of science and technology. The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation and development of natural history museology in Europe in the 15th–19th centuries. The development of scientific knowledge at that time affects the idea of the world order and the place of man in it, and the combination of knowledge with practical experience leads to the birth of true science. It is shown that one of the most important components of the development of natural sciences, in particular biological sciences, was the collection of naturalia (i.e. objects of natural origin), the rapid surge of interest in which contributed to the Great Geographical Discoveries. In chronological order, the further historical development of museum work from private collections in Italy to the formation of a prototype of a genuine museum, which performs the main museum functions such as amassment, storage and demonstration of collections, is considered. The article by Leonid Griffen and co-authors considers the object and subject of the history of science and technology, its place in the system of sciences. Today, more and more people are turning to the factors that determine the interaction of the society with the environment (productive forces of the society), to study which in the historical aspect and called a special scientific discipline the history of science and technology. The composition and development of the technosphere and noosphere are considered in the article. It is shown that the functioning of the technosphere is based on its interaction with the noosphere, which provides information about the environment and controls the effectiveness of interaction with it. It is formed by combining the mental structures of individuals through sign systems. The production process that ensures the functioning of the society begins with the noosphere, which through individual consciousness controls the actions of each individual, who through the means of production (technosphere) interacts with the natural environment. However, the gradual development of productive forces leads at some point to the fact that the information needed by the individual to perform all necessary actions for the benefit of the society, ceases to fit in his individual consciousness. As a result, there is a new social phenomenon the social division of labor. The cardinal solution to the problem is the prospect of humanity entering infinite space. The article by Jun-Young Oh and Hyesook Han is devoted to the study of what Understanding mathematical abstraction in the formularization of Galileo's law. Galileo's revolution in science introduced an analytical method to science that typifies the overall modern thinking of extracting, abstracting, and grasping only critical aspects of the target phenomena and focusing on “how”, which is a quantitative relationship between variables, instead of “why”. For example, to him, the question of 'why does an object fall' is of no significance; instead, only the quantitative relationship between distance from the falling object and time is important. Yet, the most fundamental aspect of his idea is that he introduced a quantified time t. Because, according to atomic theory, vacuum exists between an atom and an object composed of atoms or between objects – ignoring factors that interfere with motion, such as friction – the space for absolute time, which is a mathematical time, can be geometrically defined. In order to justify this mathematical abstraction strategy, thought experiments were conducted rather than laboratory experiments, which at that time were difficult to perform. The article by Vasyl Andriiashko and co-authors provides a thorough overview of the evolutionary process of the emergence, establishment, and development of the Kyiv school of artistic textiles. It reveals the influence of various factors (ideological, political, economic, and aesthetic) on this process. The historical and factual method allowed us to study socio-economic, as well as historical and cultural factors that contributed to the emergence, establishment, and development of the Kyiv textile school in a chronological sequence. It is established that the very fact of emergence of the Kyiv school of artistic textile, as a community of style, unity of forms, preservation, and continuity of traditions, had unbiased backgrounds since Ukrainian decorative weaving, a part of which is Kyiv weaving, inherited the abundant artistic traditions that were created over the centuries and most vividly manifested through the art of Kyivan Rus. In the next article, the authors Artemii Bernatskyi and Mykola Sokolovskyi is devoted to the study history of military laser technology development in military applications. For better understanding and systematization of knowledge about development of historical applications in the military field, an analysis of publicly known knowledge about their historical applications in the leading world countries was conducted. The study focuses on development that was carried out by the superpowers of the Cold War and the present era, namely the United States, the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, and were built in metal. Multiple avenues of various applications of laser technology in military applications were studied, namely: military laser rangefinders; ground and aviation target designators; precision ammunition guidance systems; non-lethal anti-personnel systems; systems, designed to disable optoelectronics of military vehicles; as well as strategic and tactical anti-air and missile defense systems.  The issues of ethical use of laser weapons and the risks of their use in armed conflicts, which led to an international consensus in the form of conventions of the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross, were also considered. As a result of the analysis, a systematic approach to the classification of applications of laser technology in military products by three main areas of development was proposed: ancillary applications, non-lethal direct action on the human body and optical devices of military equipment, and anti-aircraft and anti-missile defensive systems. The author of the following article considered the front line transporter as the embodiment of the USSR military doctrine in the middle of the 20th century. The paper based on a source analysis of the history of creation, design, and production of LuAZ-967, LuAZ-967M, against the background of the processes of implementing projects of small tactical high mobility wheeled vehicles for the armies of European countries, shows that the developing, testing, and commissioning a front line transporter became a deepening of the process of motorization of the Soviet army. The designs of similar vehicles have been analyzed. An attempt to assess the degree of uniqueness of the front line transporter design and its place in the history of technology, as well as its potential as a reminder of science and technology has been made. An analysis of the front line transporter design, its systems, compared with its foreign counterparts, suggests that it is a Soviet refinement of the concept of a small army vehicle, a more specific means directly for the battlefield. At the same time, it was developed taking into account foreign developments and similar designs, imitating individual designs, adapting to the capabilities of the USSR automotive industry. The next article is devoted to the study, generalization and systematization of scientific knowledge about the history of the establishment, development and operation of the regional railway system in Bukovyna in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The authors attempted to analyze the process of creation and operation of railways in Bukovyna during the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Empire based on a wide range of previously unpublished archival documents, periodicals, statistical literature and memoirs. The article studies the development of organizational bases for the construction of railways, the activity of the communication network management, lists a whole range of requirements and tasks set for railway transport in Bukovyna, the progress of their implementation, considers successes and difficulties in this work. The purpose of the article by authors Sana Simou, Khadija Baba and Abderrahman Nounah is to reveal, recreate  as accurately as possible the characteristics of an archaeological site or part of it.  The restoration and conservation of monuments and archaeological sites is a delicate operation. It requires fidelity, delicacy, precision and archaeological authenticity. Research during the last two decades has proved that 3D modeling, or the digital documentation and visualization of archaeological objects in 3D, is valuable for archaeological research. The study has opted for the technique of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry by 3D surveys of architectural elements, to develop an archetype of the deteriorated Islamic Marinid site (a dynasty between the 13th and 15th centuries), and the Roman site (25 BC), located at the Chellah archaeological site in Rabat and Salé cities. The data acquired build an architectural database to archive and retrieve the entire existing architecture of monuments. This study has been completed by photogrammetrists, architects, and restorers. The issue of the journal ends with an article devoted to the analyzing the prerequisites and conditions for the foundation of an aircraft engine enterprise in Ukraine. Based on the retrospective analysis, the prerequisites and conditions of the foundation of the aircraft engine enterprise in Aleksandrovsk, Ukraine, were considered. There was a severe gap between the Russian Empire and European countries in the development pace of the aviation industry during World War I. This prompted the Russian Empire to raise foreign capital, as well as attract technologies and specialists to develop aircraft engineering and other industries. By 1917, the plant had gained the status of Russia’s largest engine-building enterprise in terms of building area and one of the best in equipment. It is evident that the beginning of aircraft engine production in Aleksandrovsk relates to the establishment of a branch of Petrograd Joint Stock Company of Electromechanical Structures and the plant’s purchase from the Moznaim brothers. We hope that everyone will find interesting useful information in the new issue. And, of course, we welcome your new submissions.In the new issue, our scientific journal offers you nine scientific articles. As always, we try to offer a wide variety of topics and areas and follow current trends in the history of science and technology. The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation and development of natural history museology in Europe in the 15th–19th centuries. The development of scientific knowledge at that time affects the idea of the world order and the place of man in it, and the combination of knowledge with practical experience leads to the birth of true science. It is shown that one of the most important components of the development of natural sciences, in particular biological sciences, was the collection of naturalia (i.e. objects of natural origin), the rapid surge of interest in which contributed to the Great Geographical Discoveries. In chronological order, the further historical development of museum work from private collections in Italy to the formation of a prototype of a genuine museum, which performs the main museum functions such as amassment, storage and demonstration of collections, is considered. The article by Leonid Griffen and co-authors considers the object and subject of the history of science and technology, its place in the system of sciences. Today, more and more people are turning to the factors that determine the interaction of the society with the environment (productive forces of the society), to study which in the historical aspect and called a special scientific discipline the history of science and technology. The composition and development of the technosphere and noosphere are considered in the article. It is shown that the functioning of the technosphere is based on its interaction with the noosphere, which provides information about the environment and controls the effectiveness of interaction with it. It is formed by combining the mental structures of individuals through sign systems. The production process that ensures the functioning of the society begins with the noosphere, which through individual consciousness controls the actions of each individual, who through the means of production (technosphere) interacts with the natural environment. However, the gradual development of productive forces leads at some point to the fact that the information needed by the individual to perform all necessary actions for the benefit of the society, ceases to fit in his individual consciousness. As a result, there is a new social phenomenon the social division of labor. The cardinal solution to the problem is the prospect of humanity entering infinite space. The article by Jun-Young Oh and Hyesook Han is devoted to the study of what Understanding mathematical abstraction in the formularization of Galileo's law. Galileo's revolution in science introduced an analytical method to science that typifies the overall modern thinking of extracting, abstracting, and grasping only critical aspects of the target phenomena and focusing on “how”, which is a quantitative relationship between variables, instead of “why”. For example, to him, the question of 'why does an object fall' is of no significance; instead, only the quantitative relationship between distance from the falling object and time is important. Yet, the most fundamental aspect of his idea is that he introduced a quantified time t. Because, according to atomic theory, vacuum exists between an atom and an object composed of atoms or between objects – ignoring factors that interfere with motion, such as friction – the space for absolute time, which is a mathematical time, can be geometrically defined. In order to justify this mathematical abstraction strategy, thought experiments were conducted rather than laboratory experiments, which at that time were difficult to perform. The article by Vasyl Andriiashko and co-authors provides a thorough overview of the evolutionary process of the emergence, establishment, and development of the Kyiv school of artistic textiles. It reveals the influence of various factors (ideological, political, economic, and aesthetic) on this process. The historical and factual method allowed us to study socio-economic, as well as historical and cultural factors that contributed to the emergence, establishment, and development of the Kyiv textile school in a chronological sequence. It is established that the very fact of emergence of the Kyiv school of artistic textile, as a community of style, unity of forms, preservation, and continuity of traditions, had unbiased backgrounds since Ukrainian decorative weaving, a part of which is Kyiv weaving, inherited the abundant artistic traditions that were created over the centuries and most vividly manifested through the art of Kyivan Rus. In the next article, the authors Artemii Bernatskyi and Mykola Sokolovskyi is devoted to the study history of military laser technology development in military applications. For better understanding and systematization of knowledge about development of historical applications in the military field, an analysis of publicly known knowledge about their historical applications in the leading world countries was conducted. The study focuses on development that was carried out by the superpowers of the Cold War and the present era, namely the United States, the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, and were built in metal. Multiple avenues of various applications of laser technology in military applications were studied, namely: military laser rangefinders; ground and aviation target designators; precision ammunition guidance systems; non-lethal anti-personnel systems; systems, designed to disable optoelectronics of military vehicles; as well as strategic and tactical anti-air and missile defense systems.  The issues of ethical use of laser weapons and the risks of their use in armed conflicts, which led to an international consensus in the form of conventions of the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross, were also considered. As a result of the analysis, a systematic approach to the classification of applications of laser technology in military products by three main areas of development was proposed: ancillary applications, non-lethal direct action on the human body and optical devices of military equipment, and anti-aircraft and anti-missile defensive systems. The author of the following article considered the front line transporter as the embodiment of the USSR military doctrine in the middle of the 20th century. The paper based on a source analysis of the history of creation, design, and production of LuAZ-967, LuAZ-967M, against the background of the processes of implementing projects of small tactical high mobility wheeled vehicles for the armies of European countries, shows that the developing, testing, and commissioning a front line transporter became a deepening of the process of motorization of the Soviet army. The designs of similar vehicles have been analyzed. An attempt to assess the degree of uniqueness of the front line transporter design and its place in the history of technology, as well as its potential as a reminder of science and technology has been made. An analysis of the front line transporter design, its systems, compared with its foreign counterparts, suggests that it is a Soviet refinement of the concept of a small army vehicle, a more specific means directly for the battlefield. At the same time, it was developed taking into account foreign developments and similar designs, imitating individual designs, adapting to the capabilities of the USSR automotive industry. The next article is devoted to the study, generalization and systematization of scientific knowledge about the history of the establishment, development and operation of the regional railway system in Bukovyna in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The authors attempted to analyze the process of creation and operation of railways in Bukovyna during the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Empire based on a wide range of previously unpublished archival documents, periodicals, statistical literature and memoirs. The article studies the development of organizational bases for the construction of railways, the activity of the communication network management, lists a whole range of requirements and tasks set for railway transport in Bukovyna, the progress of their implementation, considers successes and difficulties in this work. The purpose of the article by authors Sana Simou, Khadija Baba and Abderrahman Nounah is to reveal, recreate  as accurately as possible the characteristics of an archaeological site or part of it.  The restoration and conservation of monuments and archaeological sites is a delicate operation. It requires fidelity, delicacy, precision and archaeological authenticity. Research during the last two decades has proved that 3D modeling, or the digital documentation and visualization of archaeological objects in 3D, is valuable for archaeological research. The study has opted for the technique of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry by 3D surveys of architectural elements, to develop an archetype of the deteriorated Islamic Marinid site (a dynasty between the 13th and 15th centuries), and the Roman site (25 BC), located at the Chellah archaeological site in Rabat and Salé cities. The data acquired build an architectural database to archive and retrieve the entire existing architecture of monuments. This study has been completed by photogrammetrists, architects, and restorers. The issue of the journal ends with an article devoted to the analyzing the prerequisites and conditions for the foundation of an aircraft engine enterprise in Ukraine. Based on the retrospective analysis, the prerequisites and conditions of the foundation of the aircraft engine enterprise in Aleksandrovsk, Ukraine, were considered. There was a severe gap between the Russian Empire and European countries in the development pace of the aviation industry during World War I. This prompted the Russian Empire to raise foreign capital, as well as attract technologies and specialists to develop aircraft engineering and other industries. By 1917, the plant had gained the status of Russia’s largest engine-building enterprise in terms of building area and one of the best in equipment. It is evident that the beginning of aircraft engine production in Aleksandrovsk relates to the establishment of a branch of Petrograd Joint Stock Company of Electromechanical Structures and the plant’s purchase from the Moznaim brothers. We hope that everyone will find interesting useful information in the new issue. And, of course, we welcome your new submissions

PREFACE

In the latest issue of the "History of Science and Technology" journal, publications by authors from Canada, Ghana, Indonesia, Romania, Ukraine and Uzbekistan are presented. As always, we try to offer a wide variety of topics and areas and follow current trends in the history of science and technology. In this issue, you will find interesting research that explores various aspects of the development of science and technology in different countries. The authors investigate different periods of history, ranging from ancient times to the present, and delve into both well-known events and lesser-known aspects that are worth studying. We are grateful to all the authors for their work and contribution to the understanding of the history of science and technology. We would also like to express our gratitude to our reviewers and the editorial team for their diligence and professionalism in the selection and preparation of these fascinating articles. We hope that this issue of the journal will serve as a source of new knowledge, discoveries, and insights for our readers. We wish you an enjoyable and fruitful reading experience! And, of course, we welcome your new submissions.In the latest issue of the "History of Science and Technology" journal, publications by authors from Canada, Ghana, Indonesia, Romania, Ukraine and Uzbekistan are presented. As always, we try to offer a wide variety of topics and areas and follow current trends in the history of science and technology. In this issue, you will find interesting research that explores various aspects of the development of science and technology in different countries. The authors investigate different periods of history, ranging from ancient times to the present, and delve into both well-known events and lesser-known aspects that are worth studying. We are grateful to all the authors for their work and contribution to the understanding of the history of science and technology. We would also like to express our gratitude to our reviewers and the editorial team for their diligence and professionalism in the selection and preparation of these fascinating articles. We hope that this issue of the journal will serve as a source of new knowledge, discoveries, and insights for our readers. We wish you an enjoyable and fruitful reading experience! And, of course, we welcome your new submissions