Spurious Complexity and Common Standards in Markets for Consumer Goods

It has been argued that cognitively constrained consumers respond sub-optimally to complex decision problems, and that firms can exploit these limitations by introducing spurious complexity into tariff structures, weakening price competition. We model a countervailing force. Restricting one's choices to the most easily comparable options is a psychologically well-attested heuristic. Consumers who use this heuristic favour firms that follow common conventions about tariff structures. Because a 'common standard' promotes price competition, a firm's use of it signals that it offers value for money, validating the heuristic. This allows an equilibrium in which firms use common standards and set competitive prices

Extending UML 1.5 for fuzzy conceptual modeling:

The Unified Modeling Language has become a widespread notation for conceptual modeling, and it currently provides a number of extensibility mechanisms to tailor it to specialized modeling issues

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE USE OF THE "CLIODEZIV" TOOL FOR THE REHABILITATION OF POULTRY FACILITIES

For veterinary practice, the antimicrobial agent "Cliodeziv" (the developer organization is Pharmpromvet LLC) in the form of a powder for use in the form of a fumigation aerosol is proposed. The product as an active substance contains 40% of crystalline iodine. During thermal sublimation, iodine vapors are formed, which have a high penetrating ability and sanitizing properties. Studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the "Cliodeziv" agent in the rehabilitation of poultry houses by determining the bacterial contamination of the air and the walls of the poultry house before and after treatment. It was found that the agent "Cliodeziv" has a pronounced bactericidal activity, since it causes a significant decrease in the microbial contamination of the air and walls of the poultry room. The total microbial contamination of the air in the poultry housing decreased by 64.9% and amounted to 202 CfU, compared to 575 CfU before the experiment. The bacteriological assessment of flushes from the wall surfaces showed a decrease in bacterial contamination by 65.1%, from 1100 CfU to 384 CfU after treatment. The drug "Cliodeziv" did not have a negative effect on the biochemical parameters of the bird's blood. Under the influence of the iodine included in the product, an increase in the level of metabolic processes was noted. By the end of the experiment, the total protein content in the blood serum increased by 16.2%; cholesterol decreased by 25.25%; glucose increased by 29.86%. The test agent promotes the activation of the antioxidant protection system of birds, the activity of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase increased by 40.71% by the end of the experiment. By the end of the experiment, AlAT decreased by 35%, AsAT decreased by 21.58%, which indicates a positive effect of the drug on the muscle tissue and productivity of poultry. The product "Cliodeziv" does not have a negative impact on the veterinary and sanitary indicators of poultry meat. Organoleptic and biochemical parameters of poultry meat confirmed its good quality.</jats:p

U. S. Flag ship "Minnesota," Hampton Roads, Nov. 1861. The following general instructions are to be strictly observed by all concerned under my command.

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