Holographic nondestructive testing of laminates

Very small differences in laminate thickness result in interference fringes in holograph image. These indicate presence of unbonded area. Theoretical knowledge of membrane deflection may be used in conjunction with reduced number of pretest experiments to determine number of optical fringes that should appear for given laminate

Holographic testing with a double reference beam

Image of unstressed object is taken with reflected beam and one reference beam. Object is then stressed and second (double) exposure is made. Developed film plate provides double exposure hologram that can be projected by simultaneous illumination with both reference beams. Appearance of multiple images may be eliminated while manipulating fringe patterns

Methods of assessing structural integrity for space shuttle vehicles

A detailed description and evaluation of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods are given which have application to space shuttle vehicles. Appropriate NDE design data is presented in twelve specifications in an appendix. Recommendations for NDE development work for the space shuttle program are presented

Immersed ultrasonic inspection of high acoustical attenuative structures

By building a floating isolator box of cork around the test object and using a low frequency transducer, automated conventional C scan equipment is adapted to inspect the object ultrasonically. Vibrations are isolated and reflected noise is reduced

Due process

‘Due process’ is a central concept in Anglo-American criminal justice that safeguards the rights of those subject to the criminal process and guides state officials, vital to the authority of the criminal law and the legitimacy of the legal system. Comparison reveals what is distinctive about Anglo-American and German conceptions of due process, and how far their development is the product of their legal history and local legal culture. As Galligan observes of dispute over ‘whether the adversarial nature of the trial at common law is to be preferred to the more inquisitorial procedures of continental Europe … the real debate in comparing the two approaches is not about which will lead to more correct outcomes, but rather what values are relevant’. Comparative analysis permits a better understanding of what is distinctive in the respective systems. It reveals what commonalities exist and to what extent international developments, not least the important jurisprudence on the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), foster convergence among signatory states

Bone Mineral Density in Weight-Bearing and Aquatic Athletes

Bone mineral density (BMD) is a measure of mineral deposit within the bone that can be used as an early-adulthood predictor for onset of osteoporosis. Type of exercise induces a stress-response which builds BMD. PURPOSE: Non-weight-bearing-athletes were compared to weight-bearing-athletes and controls to identify differences in bone health among groups. The participants were compared longitudinally to measure change in BMD overtime. This study was modeled after work by Taaffe et al. (1995) which concluded that female athletes who do not engage in weight-bearing-activities had lower BMD. METHODS: Height, weight, and calcium intake was collected for female students (20.0±1.3 years); 23 runners (R), 9 swimmers (S), 15 water polo players (WP), and 24 controls (C). BMD (g/cm2) and lean body mass (kg) were measured on a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometer (DXA). The measures were taken at the anterior-posterior (AP) spine, lateral spine, femoral neck (FN), trochanter, total hip, and whole body (WB) at baseline and again about 5-months later. Eighteen R, 11 WP, 8 S, and 24 C returned for follow-up. RESULTS: SPSS analysis at the spine reported no statistical difference between groups (p\u3e0.05). At the total hip (1.023±0.015 vs. 0.904±0.032 g/cm2, p=0.01) and trochanter (0.795±0.014 vs. 0.692±0.029 g/cm2, p=0.01), R\u3eS. In the whole-body scan, R\u3eC (1.102±0.012 vs. 1.048±0.016 g/cm2, p=0.031) and R\u3eS (1.102±0.012 vs. 1.004±0.025 g/cm2, p=0.005). C, WP, and R had higher BMD at the FN than S (0.767±0.031(S) vs. 0.888±0.021(C), 0.906±0.029(WP), 0.899±0.015(R) g/cm2, p=0.019, p=0.002, p=0.004). Repeated-measures tests reported that S increased in BMD over time at the AP spine (1.8%), lateral spine (3.7%), FN (4.2%), and trochanter (2.1%) (p\u3c0.05) and that C significantly increased at WB (1.1%) (p\u3c0.05). CONCLUSION: Bone health has improved in non-weight-bearing-athletes since original analyses by Taaffe. However, S still show BMD 14.7% lower than R, 15.3% lower than WP, and 13.6% lower than C at the FN. Longitudinally, S increased from baseline measures, yet the final BMD does not exceed the value of any other group. While there is progress in BMD being made between different types of athletes with modern training methods, weight-bearing-athletes still have greater bone health at the FN