Pulse plating of copper from deep eutectic solvents

The effect of pulse parameters on the deposition of copper from a chloride-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) was investigated. While satisfactory deposits could be obtained for some pulse conditions, at small duty cycles or long off-times the current efficiencies obtained were very low. These findings were consistent with a corrosion process occurring during the off-time, most likely the comproportionation reaction: Cu + CuIICl4 2- → 2CuICl2 - . Initial experimental results were consistent with the corrosion rate being controlled by the transport of the CuIICl4 2- species to the electrode surface. With this assumption, a simple corrosion model was developed to account for the observed loss in current efficiency as a function of the pulse conditions. While this model broadly predicts the observed results some discrepancy between the observed and measured were noted

A Comparison of the Quality of Rule Induction from Inconsistent Data Sets and Incomplete Data Sets

In data mining, decision rules induced from known examples are used to classify unseen cases. There are various rule induction algorithms, such as LEM1 (Learning from Examples Module version 1), LEM2 (Learning from Examples Module version 2) and MLEM2 (Modified Learning from Examples Module version 2). In the real world, many data sets are imperfect, either inconsistent or incomplete. The idea of lower and upper approximations, or more generally, the probabilistic approximation, provides an effective way to induce rules from inconsistent data sets and incomplete data sets. But the accuracies of rule sets induced from imperfect data sets are expected to be lower. The objective of this project is to investigate which kind of imperfect data sets (inconsistent or incomplete) is worse in terms of the quality of rule induction. In this project, experiments were conducted on eight inconsistent data sets and eight incomplete data sets with lost values. We implemented the MLEM2 algorithm to induce certain and possible rules from inconsistent data sets, and implemented the local probabilistic version of MLEM2 algorithm to induce certain and possible rules from incomplete data sets. A program called Rule Checker was also developed to classify unseen cases with induced rules and measure the classification error rate. Ten-fold cross validation was carried out and the average error rate was used as the criterion for comparison. The Mann-Whitney nonparametric tests were performed to compare, separately for certain and possible rules, incompleteness with inconsistency. The results show that there is no significant difference between inconsistent and incomplete data sets in terms of the quality of rule induction

Copper and tin electrodeposition from deep eutectic solvents using pulse current

In the past, metal electrodeposition has mainly been performed using aqueous electrolytes. However, such system often suffers from performance limitations and environmental concerns. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are a type of ionic melt that has recently being proposed for electrodeposition metals and alloys. In addition, most electrodeposition studies are performed using direct current (DC) plating method. However, metal plated using this method often suffers from issues such as poor deposit quality and low Faradaic efficiency, which lead to the adoption of pulse plating method as an alternative. Currently, most studies of metal plating from DES have been carried out using DC plating and there have been relatively few studies of pulse plating. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate aspects of pulse deposition from DES.Copper and tin were studied in this piece of research. The plating experiments of both metals were conducted in the ethaline-based DES using pulse current. The electrochemical characteristics were studied first, followed by the examination of the effects of pulse parameters on various aspects. Material characterization were also performed.It was found that copper reduction reaction in ethaline is a two-step single electron transfer process. While acceptable deposits were obtained, the current efficiency for pulse-plated copper was low in many cases. The occurrence of comproportionation (corrosion) reaction between cupric ions and copper: CuCl42- + Cu -->2CuCl2- was purposed and further tested via independent metal dissolution experiments. Two mathematical models were proposed to explain the relationship between the metal deposition and dissolution effect qualitatively, yet a more complex model needs to be developed to account for the results. Benzotriazole (BTA) was also tested and it was found the corrosion behaviour was suppressed to some extent.In the study of tin plating, the reduction of Sn2+ species takes place in a single two-electron transfer process. Pulse deposition experiments were carried out and the deposits showed high current efficiency with acceptable deposit properties and no corrosion behaviour was observed. However, no direct relationship was found between the deposit properties with the pulse parameters. The grain size ranged between 2.9 μm to 6.2 μm and oxygen was incorporated in some pulse conditions.In conclusion, this study has shown that it is possible to deposit both copper and tin from DES using pulse plating methods. Corrosion behaviour was observed in copper but not in tin. Collectively, the results showed that combining the technique of pulse plating and the use of DES solution can be a novel way to plate copper and tin. Currently, they do not offer superior advantages in terms of deposit quality and microstructure compared to the conventional methods, and it is clear that further optimisation of the process is required.In the past, metal electrodeposition has mainly been performed using aqueous electrolytes. However, such system often suffers from performance limitations and environmental concerns. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are a type of ionic melt that has recently being proposed for electrodeposition metals and alloys. In addition, most electrodeposition studies are performed using direct current (DC) plating method. However, metal plated using this method often suffers from issues such as poor deposit quality and low Faradaic efficiency, which lead to the adoption of pulse plating method as an alternative. Currently, most studies of metal plating from DES have been carried out using DC plating and there have been relatively few studies of pulse plating. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate aspects of pulse deposition from DES.Copper and tin were studied in this piece of research. The plating experiments of both metals were conducted in the ethaline-based DES using pulse current. The electrochemical characteristics were studied first, followed by the examination of the effects of pulse parameters on various aspects. Material characterization were also performed.It was found that copper reduction reaction in ethaline is a two-step single electron transfer process. While acceptable deposits were obtained, the current efficiency for pulse-plated copper was low in many cases. The occurrence of comproportionation (corrosion) reaction between cupric ions and copper: CuCl42- + Cu -->2CuCl2- was purposed and further tested via independent metal dissolution experiments. Two mathematical models were proposed to explain the relationship between the metal deposition and dissolution effect qualitatively, yet a more complex model needs to be developed to account for the results. Benzotriazole (BTA) was also tested and it was found the corrosion behaviour was suppressed to some extent.In the study of tin plating, the reduction of Sn2+ species takes place in a single two-electron transfer process. Pulse deposition experiments were carried out and the deposits showed high current efficiency with acceptable deposit properties and no corrosion behaviour was observed. However, no direct relationship was found between the deposit properties with the pulse parameters. The grain size ranged between 2.9 μm to 6.2 μm and oxygen was incorporated in some pulse conditions.In conclusion, this study has shown that it is possible to deposit both copper and tin from DES using pulse plating methods. Corrosion behaviour was observed in copper but not in tin. Collectively, the results showed that combining the technique of pulse plating and the use of DES solution can be a novel way to plate copper and tin. Currently, they do not offer superior advantages in terms of deposit quality and microstructure compared to the conventional methods, and it is clear that further optimisation of the process is required

Modenhetsmodell For Måling Av Datadrevenhet i Organisasjoner

Med en økende grad av tilgjengelig data skapes det en forventing til organisasjoner om at de skal bli datadrevne. En datadreven organisasjon kjennetegnes av at de lykkes i å bruke data for å ta valg og skape verdi for organisasjonen. Organisasjoner har ofte en forståelse av hvorfor man burde være datadrevne. Det er allikevel uklart hvordan man skal gå frem for å skape en datadreven organisasjon. Vi har utviklet en modenhetsmodell som kan kartlegge organisasjoners modenhet, når det kommer til å ta i bruk data og analyse i beslutningstagning. Modellen er utviklet etter forskningsmetoden "Design Science Research" og evaluert grundig i samarbeid med en casebedrift. Formålet til modellen er å gi en indikasjon på graden av analytisk modenhet innenfor ulike enheter i en organisasjon, som kan brukes for å utvikle et overordnet veikart for videre utvikling

A review of combined functional neuroimaging and motion capture for motor rehabilitation

Background: Technological advancements in functional neuroimaging and motion capture have led to the development of novel methods that facilitate the diagnosis and rehabilitation of motor deficits. These advancements allow for the synchronous acquisition and analysis of complex signal streams of neurophysiological data (e.g., EEG, fNIRS) and behavioral data (e.g., motion capture). The fusion of those data streams has the potential to provide new insights into cortical mechanisms during movement, guide the development of rehabilitation practices, and become a tool for assessment and therapy in neurorehabilitation. Research objective: This paper aims to review the existing literature on the combined use of motion capture and functional neuroimaging in motor rehabilitation. The objective is to understand the diversity and maturity of technological solutions employed and explore the clinical advantages of this multimodal approach. Methods: This paper reviews literature related to the combined use of functional neuroimaging and motion capture for motor rehabilitation following the PRISMA guidelines. Besides study and participant characteristics, technological aspects of the used systems, signal processing methods, and the nature of multimodal feature synchronization and fusion were extracted. Results: Out of 908 publications, 19 were included in the final review. Basic or translation studies were mainly represented and based predominantly on healthy participants or stroke patients. EEG and mechanical motion capture technologies were most used for biomechanical data acquisition, and their subsequent processing is based mainly on traditional methods. The system synchronization techniques at large were underreported. The fusion of multimodal features mainly supported the identification of movement-related cortical activity, and statistical methods were occasionally employed to examine cortico-kinematic relationships. Conclusion: The fusion of motion capture and functional neuroimaging might offer advantages for motor rehabilitation in the future. Besides facilitating the assessment of cognitive processes in real-world settings, it could also improve rehabilitative devices’ usability in clinical environments. Further, by better understanding cortico-peripheral coupling, new neuro-rehabilitation methods can be developed, such as personalized proprioceptive training. However, further research is needed to advance our knowledge of cortical-peripheral coupling, evaluate the validity and reliability of multimodal parameters, and enhance user-friendly technologies for clinical adaptation.A review of combined functional neuroimaging and motion capture for motor rehabilitationpublishedVersio

Electrodeposition from ionic liquids by using pulse current

Metal electroplating is of great significance in various industries such as electronics, sensors and optics, traditionally the process was performed in aqueous solution. However, they suffer a number of drawbacks such as poor deposit quality for some metals and environmental concerns [1]. The ionic liquid can overcome these limitations by aqueous solution [2]. In addition, the plating process can also be improved by applying pulse current instead of conventional direct current [3]. Therefore, it is worthy to investigate the combination effect of the utilization of both ionic liquid and pulse current in metal deposition

GlycoPep MassList: Software to Generate Massive Inclusion Lists for Glycopeptide Analyses

Protein glycosylation drives many biological processes and serves as markers for disease; therefore, the development of tools to study glycosylation is an essential and growing area of research. Mass spectrometry can be used to identify both the glycans of interest and the glycosylation sites to which those glycans are attached, when proteins are proteolytically digested and their glycopeptides are analyzed by a combination of high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods. One major challenge in these experiments is collecting the requisite MS/MS data. The digested glycopeptides are often present in complex mixtures and in low abundance, and the most commonly used approach to collect MS/MS data on these species is data-dependent acquisition (DDA), where only the most intense precursor ions trigger MS/MS. DDA results in limited glycopeptide coverage. Semi-targeted data acquisition is an alternative experimental approach that can alleviate this difficulty. However, due to the massive heterogeneity of glycopeptides, it is not obvious how to expediently generate inclusion lists for these types of analyses. To solve this problem, we developed the software tool GlycoPep MassList, which can be used to generate inclusion lists for liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) experiments. The utility of the software was tested by conducting comparisons between semi-targeted and untargeted data-dependent analysis experiments on a variety of proteins, including IgG, a protein whose glycosylation must be characterized during its production as a biotherapeutic. When the GlycoPep MassList software was used to generate inclusion lists for LC-MS/MS experiments, more unique glycopeptides were selected for fragmentation. Generally, ∼30 % more unique glycopeptides can be analyzed per protein, in the simplest cases, with low background. In cases where background ions from proteins or other interferents are high, usage of an inclusion list is even more advantageous. The software is freely publically accessible

Assessment of Machine Learning Models for Classification of Movement Patterns During a Weight-Shifting Exergame

In exercise gaming (exergaming), reward systems are typically based on rules/templates from joint movement patterns. These rules or templates need broad ranges in definitions of correct movement patterns to accommodate varying body shapes and sizes. This can lead to inaccurate rewards and, thus, inefficient exercise, which can be detrimental to progress. If exergames are to be used in serious settings like rehabilitation, accurate rewards for correctly performed movements are crucial. This article aims to investigate the level of accuracy machine learning/deep learning models can achieve in classification of correct repetitions naturally elicited from a weight-shifting exergame. Twelve healthy elderly (10F, age 70.4 SD 11.4) are recruited. Movements are captured using a marker-based 3-D motion-capture system. Random forest (RF), support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, and multilayer perceptron (MLP) are the employed models, trained and tested on whole body movement patterns and on subsets of joints. MLP and RF reached the highest recall and F1-score, respectively, when using combined data from joint subsets. MLP recall range are 91% to 94%, and RF F1-score range 79% to 80%. MLP and RF also reached the highest recall and F1-score in each joint subset, respectively. Here, MLP ranged from 93% to 97% recall, while RF ranged from 73% to 80% F1-score. Recall results, show that >9 out of 10 repetitions are classified correctly, indicating that MLP/RF can be used to identify correctly performed repetitions of a weight-shifting exercise when using full-body data and when using joint subset data.publishedVersio