Cardioprotection effects of diosgenin from Dioscorea bulbifera against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction

This research plan is to examine the cardioprotective effects of bioactive diosgenin molecules isolated from Dioscorea plants on Isoproterenol (ISO)- induced myocardial infarction. Male albino Wistar rats were treated with D.bullifera and Diosgenin (20 mg/kg) daily for four weeks. After the experiment, the animals were injected with ISO (85 mg/kg) subcutaneously at 24 hour intervals for two days. The results describe the myocardial injury induced by ISO, which is manifested as an increase in serum cardiac marker enzymes CK-MB, C.K.P., G.O.T., and G.P.T. And L.D.H. and essential oxidative stress markers, such as LPO and G.S.H. In addition, significant increases in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were also observed, while serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were reduced. Histopathological studies are also related to the above parameters. In addition to cardiac markers, lipid peroxidation levels in plasma and heart are also elevated. However, antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (G.P.X.), catalase, S.O.D. and reduced glutathione (G.S.T.) are significantly reduced in the heart after ISO-induced myocardial infarction. These findings summarized the cardioprotective effects of diosgenin and dioscorea on cardiac markers and antioxidant activity

Effect of Plumbago zeylanica on Analgesia and Arthritis

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint condition that causes oxidative damage and inflammation. The current study evaluates the safety and effectiveness of an 85 percent methanolic extract of Plumbago zeylanica (PZ). Methods: The acute toxicity study is used to calculate the LD50 value in the safety profile. The hot plate and tail immersion procedures are both used to examine the analgesic effect in the efficacy profile. Paw edema caused by carrageenan was investigated for its ability to reduce inflammation and complete Freund's adjuvant produced arthritis was tested for anti-arthritic activity. Results: Various phytochemical analyses, including qualitative and quantitative analyses of 85 % methanolic extract and raw materials. The extract exhibits analgesic effects by increasing the reaction time in both the hot plate and tail immersion procedures. In Freund's adjuvant-induced paw edema, the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract is 30.42 % and 16.90 %, respectively. Conclusion: The PZ extract raises the level of antioxidants and lowers the oxidative stress caused by arthritis caused by complete Freund's adjuvant. PZ has a lot of secondary metabolites that can help with pain, inflammation, and free radicals

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Analysis of Stems of Vitex pinnata Linn

Background and Objective: Vitex pinnata Linn. (Syn: Vitex pubescens Vahl.) is a moderately sized tree of tropical Asia. Vitex pinnata is a tree with trifoliate leaves, grey to brown bark. The leaves and stems are potential as an antioxidant, because of flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids constituents. The present study aimed to establish the pharmacognostic features of leaf, stem and powdered stem material and quality parameters including physicochemical evaluation. Materials and Methods: The leave and stems were investigated, which comprised macroscopic and microscopic assessment, phytochemical screening and physicochemical characterization of the stems, besides the microscopic analysis of the powder. All photographs of different magnifications were taken using a digital camera attached to the Nikon Labphot 2 Microscopic Unit. Results: The microscopical studies of stem and powders of Vitex pinnata revealed the presence of cortex, periderm, sclerenchyma, secondary phloem, vessels, xylem fibres, xylem rays, collapsed phloem cells, phellem, sclereids, phloem ray, sieve element, starch grains, prismatic calcium oxalate crystals and vessel elements, etc. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes and steroids in the crude extract. The values of the physicochemical parameters such as loss on drying 4.12%, foreign organic matter 5.60%, total Ash 09.43%, acid insoluble ash 2.34%, water-soluble Ash 3.04%, sulphated ash 3.20%, alcohol soluble extractives 15.6% and water-soluble extractives 16.8%, respectively. Conclusion: The information obtained with botanical, physicochemical and phytochemical studies could be used to identify Vitex pinnata and to certify the authenticity of commercial samples to effectively contribute to quality control of that vegetable raw material

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Withania somnifera Root Extract

The anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the 85 % methanolic extract of Withania somnifera (WS) root was investigated and the anti-inflammatory effect was compared with the standard drug indomethacin. Analgesic activity was carried out by hot plate and tail flick method. Anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by carraggenan induced paw edema and Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis. The results are related with evaluation of the analgesic activity in hot plate and tail flick method, they reveal that methanolic extract has exhibited significant activity (P<0.05) at 150 mg/kg b.wt, itself, whereas, the percentage inhibition exhibited by WS (350 mg/kg b.wt,) in carrageenan induced paw edema is found to be nearer to that of standard drug (10 mg/kg b.wt.). In Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis, WS is seen to decrease the paw volume significantly (P<0.05). Significant (P<0.05) protection is also observed by elevating antioxidant enzymes. WS does not exhibit toxic effect which is observed in standard drug treatment. The 85 % crude methanolic extract does not present toxic effect as observed in indomethacin treatment. However, the extract has exhibited analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities

Transgenic Black Mice Induction model for Human Leucoderma

There has been little research evaluating the efficacy and safety of 4 hydroxyl anisole + TRA (4 HA + TRA) in an animal model for Leucoderma.To test the first model of leucoderma to induce epidermal depigmentation, an attempt has been made to achieve an animal model using transgenic mice 4HA+ TRA applications of 3 and 5 % produced depigmentation, but depigmentation was found to be better in 5 %. The inducted skin in the transgenic mice was fixed in 10 % neutral formalin and processed by the routine histological technique using F/M methods for the presence/absence of melanin. Good compliance, exposure, and rising cumulative dose were all linked to a better response to therapy, which was statistically significant (P < 0.01). In addition, there were just minor side effects. During follow-up, only half of the animals had depigmentation at the sites. Our research shows that 4HA combined with TRA is an effective model for Leucoderma, with good depigmentation of the epidermis occurs within 3-4 weeks in a white patchy pattern similar to patients with vitiligo

The Local Anesthetic Activity of Lavandula angustifolia and Eugenia caryophyllata Essential Oils

Previous studies show that Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) and Eugenia caryophyllata (clove) essential oils can help relieve dental pain. Clove oil and lavender oil were tested as topical anesthetics in this study on rabbits, and their effects and likely mechanisms of action were analyzed. Clove oil and lavender oil were extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-setup apparatus. Topically applying lidocaine, clove oil, or lavender oil topically all significantly reduced corneal sensitivity. The sensitivity of the cornea was successfully reduced by treatments consisting of lidocaine at a concentration of 0.5%, 25 μg of clove oil, and 50 μg of lavender oil. When clove oil is applied topically to the cornea, it produces effects similar to those of a local anesthetic due to the involvement of the cholinergic system. To achieve the desired effect of producing local anesthesia in the cornea of the rabbit, lidocaine, clove oil, and lavender oil were applied topically to the animal. A noticeable local anesthetic effect was produced when sub-anesthetic doses of lidocaine were combined with sub-anesthetic doses of lavender or clove oil

Cytostatic Effects of Avocado Oil Using Single-cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet Assay)

The goal of this paper is to assess the mutagenicand genotoxic potentials of avocado oil made from the fruit pulp of Persea Americana, a member of the Lauraceae family.Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells are used in the 3-4,5 dimethylthiazol-2yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test to examine the possible antiproliferative and cytostatic qualities of different doses of avocado oil, and MCF-7 cells are used in the comet assay to examine the potential cytostatic effects of avocado oil extracted from the avocado fruit. DNA in human breast cancer cells is partially damaged by avocado oil. However, DNA damage at low, medium, and high levels was discovered in the positive control. Without positive control, the DNA damage level falls in the low, middle, and high ranges. The MTT assay shows that avocado oil exerts a dose-dependent cytostatic impact on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 379.2 μg/mL, which is the IC50 value that causes genotoxicity in the comet assay

Withania Somnifera: Correlation of Phytoconstituents with Hypolipidemic and Cardioprotective Activities

Withania somnifera (WS) (Dunal) or Ashwagandha is a well-known hypolipidemic herb and antioxidant. In this study, 75% ethanolic extract of WS is attempted to evaluate the cardioprotective activity of isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity and hypolipidemic activity in Triton WR 1339-induced hyperlipidemia. In addition, phytochemical evaluation of the same extracts analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). This study found that 7 days of therapy with WS extracts at 1000 mg/kg b.wt. reduced cholesterol by 76%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by 71%, and TAG by 12% (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, it can significantly reduce cholesterol and LDL levels (P &lt; 0.05). Similarly, the use of 50 mg/kg b.wt. of WS extract showed a cardioprotective effect against isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxic rats. The antioxidants glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are increased in WS extract (P &lt; 0.05), whereas the release of cardiac indicators in heart tissue is reduced (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, a 30-day treatment with WS also reduced triacylglycerol in isoprenaline-induced cardiotoxic rats. GC–MS analysis of the methanol fraction of the Ashwagandha 70% ethanolic extract showed the presence of higher concentrations of fatty acids. In conclusion, WS showed hypolipidemic and cardioprotective activities in diseased animals induced by isoproterenol and Triton WR 1339

Withania Somnifera: Correlation of Phytoconstituents with Hypolipidemic and Cardioprotective Activities

Withania somnifera (WS) (Dunal) or Ashwagandha is a well-known hypolipidemic herb and antioxidant. In this study, 75% ethanolic extract of WS is attempted to evaluate the cardioprotective activity of isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity and hypolipidemic activity in Triton WR 1339-induced hyperlipidemia. In addition, phytochemical evaluation of the same extracts analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). This study found that 7 days of therapy with WS extracts at 1000 mg/kg b.wt. reduced cholesterol by 76%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by 71%, and TAG by 12% (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, it can significantly reduce cholesterol and LDL levels (P &lt; 0.05). Similarly, the use of 50 mg/kg b.wt. of WS extract showed a cardioprotective effect against isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxic rats. The antioxidants glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are increased in WS extract (P &lt; 0.05), whereas the release of cardiac indicators in heart tissue is reduced (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, a 30-day treatment with WS also reduced triacylglycerol in isoprenaline-induced cardiotoxic rats. GC–MS analysis of the methanol fraction of the Ashwagandha 70% ethanolic extract showed the presence of higher concentrations of fatty acids. In conclusion, WS showed hypolipidemic and cardioprotective activities in diseased animals induced by isoproterenol and Triton WR 1339

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT FRACTIONS OF TERMINALIA ARJUNA BARK BY GC-MS

Traditionally Terminalia arjuna Roxb. (T. arjuna) is being used widely to cure various diseases like cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, and cancer etc. The aim of the present study is to phytochemical analysis of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of T. arjuna bark by GC-MS analysis. The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of T. arjuna bark using GC-MS analysis. The GC-MS analysis of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of bark of T. arjuna leads identified of 10, 12 and 16 compounds, respectively. The main identified compounds are 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-methyl ester (35.38 %), Hexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-ol (34.94 %) and Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl) (19.31 %) from petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of bark of T. arjuna, respectively. The present study is therefore an effort to give detailed information on phytochemical profile of T. arjuna bark by GC-MS method