Histopatološko istraživanje šarana (Labeo rohita) izloženog heksaklorcikloheksanu.

Indian major carp (Labeo rohita) were exposed to 1/10 and 1/5 sub -lethal doses of hexachlorocyclohexane during a 45-day trial period. Fish were sacrificed at the end of the trial period to study light microscopic changes associated with toxicity. Organ tissues, viz., liver, kidney, gill, skin, muscle, heart and brain were examined for histopathological study. Swelling of the hepatocytes with diffuse necrosis and marked swelling of blood vessels were observed in the liver tissue. Tubules of the kidney were distended, with tubular cells of posterior kidney exhibiting marked necrotic changes. Gill tissue showed fusion of primary lamellae, congestion of blood vessels and hyperplasia of branchial plates. Pericardial sac was moderately thickened and extensively infiltrated with leucocytes. Marked neuronal cell degeneration with loss of Nissl substances and microgial nodules could be observed at the cerebrum.Indijski šarani (Labeo rohita) su bili izloženi 1/10 i 1/5 sub-letalnih doza heksaklorcikloheksana tijekom 45 dana pokusa. Na kraju pokusa ribe su bile žrtvovane da se pod svjetlosnim mikroskopom promatraju promjene zbog toksičnosti. Histopatološki su istraženi: jetra, bubreg, škrge, koža, mišić, srce i mozak. U jetri su uočeni nabreknuti hepatociti s difuznom nekrozom i nabreknuće krvnih žila. Lumeni bubrežnih kanalića su bili prošireni s izraženim nekrotičnim. U škrgama je nađeno spajanje primarnih lamela, punokrvnost krvnih žila, i hiperplazija škržnih ploča. Osrčje je bilo umjereno zadebljano i obilno infiltrirano leukocitima. U mozgu je nađena degeneracija neurona s gubitkom Nisslove tvari, te su nađeni mikroglijalni čvorići

An Eight-year Study Report on Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater and Health Effects in Eruani Village, Bangladesh and an Approach for Its Mitigation

Based on several surveys during 1997-2005 and visits of a medical team to Eruani village, Laksham upazila, Comilla district, Bangladesh, the arsenic contamination situation and consequent clinical manifestations of arsenicosis among the villagers, including dermatology, neuropathy, and obstetric outcome, are reported here. Analysis of biological samples from patients and non-patients showed high body burden of arsenic. Even after eight years of known exposure, village children were still drinking arsenic-contaminated water, and many of them had arsenical skin lesions. There were social problems due to the symptoms of arsenicosis. The last survey established that there is a lack of proper awareness among villagers about different aspects of arsenic toxicity. The viability of different options of safe water, such as dugwells, deep tubewells, rainwater harvesting, and surface water with watershed management in the village, was studied. Finally, based on 19 years of field experience, it was felt that, for any successful mitigation programme, emphasis should be given to creating awareness among villagers about the arsenic problem, role of arsenic-free water, better nutrition from local fruits and vegetables, and, above all, active participation of women along with others in the struggle against the arsenic menace

Titanocene(III) chloride mediated radical induced synthesis of isobenzofuranones <em>via </em> allylation of aldehydes followed by <em>in situ</em> lactonization

85-90Titanocene(III) chloride mediated radical induced synthesis of isobenzofuranones has been accomplished via allylation of aldehydes followed by in&nbsp;situ lactonization in good yield. The radical initiator titanocene(III) chloride (Cp2TiCl) has been prepared from commercially available Cp2TiCl2 and Zn dust in THF under argon

Femoral shaft fractures in children: traction and spica casting (conservative treatment) versus closed titanium elastic nailing: A clinical study at Eastern India

Background: Femoral fractures are among the most common fractures of long bones. The management of paediatric femoral fractures depends primarily on the age of the child although the bone age and size of a child may determine the choice of treatment. Multiple traumas may necessitate rapid stabilization of femoral shaft fractures to facilitate overall care. Not many years ago, traction and casting were standard treatment for all femoral shaft fractures in children, and femoral fractures ranked high in duration of hospitalization for a single diagnosis. The aim of my study was to compare the results of conservative treatment and closed intra-medullary titanium elastic nailing in cases of fractures shaft femur in children. Materials &amp; Methods: The patients with fractures shaft of femur attending either emergency or outdoor and also patients referred from peripheral hospitals were selected. We included the patient of 5 year to 10 year with closed fractures shaft of femur in children including Gustillo type I fractures. We excluded patients with an active infection, Gustillo type II and type III open fractures of shaft femur, pathological fractures, and abnormal medullary cavity. Out of the 42 patients, 23 were treated by intra-medullary titanium elastic nailing and 19 were treated by surface traction for three weeks followed by one and a half hip spica. After titanium elastic nailing, physical therapy with touchdown weight-bearing was begun as soon as the patient was comfortable, generally around 3weeks. Gentle knee exercises and quadriceps strengthening were begun. Full weight-bearing generally was given by 8 weeks. In conservatively managed group the cast was used until six to eight weeks after the injury. After the cast has been removed, management included skin care and physical therapy with touchdown weight-bearing was begun. Ambulation was accomplished with weight bearing as tolerated. The patients were evaluated at the regular interval of 2, 4, 6 &amp; 8 weekly and after that every month. Results: In the patients treated with titanium elastic nailing the results were excellent in 16 (69.5%) patient, successful in 6 (26%) patient, and poor in 1(4.5%) patient. In the patient treated with traction and spica cast the results were excellent in 11 (58%) patients, successful in 6 (31.5%) and poor in 2 (10.5%) patients. Compared with the children treated with traction and a cast, those treated with titanium elastic nails had significantly shorter hospitalization period(p&lt;0.0001), mean 8.5 days in operated group compared to mean 26 days in conservatively treated group. The time taken for full weight bearing was also significantly less in patient treated with titanium elastic nailing (p&lt;0.0001); mean 9.1 weeks in operated group compared to 11.5 weeks in conservatively treated group. Conclusion: We conclude that closed pediatric femoral shaft fractures within the ages of 5-10 years can be treated successfully by any methods of traction followed by spica cast or intramedullary titanium elastic nailing. However, because of shorter immobilization period and earlier ambulation, we recommend internal fixation with titanium elastic nailing as the better choice to treat this fracture in school aged children

Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in the Ganga River Basin: A Future Health Danger

This study highlights the severity of arsenic contamination in the Ganga River basin (GRB), which encompasses significant geographic portions of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Tibet. The entire GRB experiences elevated levels of arsenic in the groundwater (up to 4730 µg/L), irrigation water (~1000 µg/L), and in food materials (up to 3947 µg/kg), all exceeding the World Health Organization’s standards for drinking water, the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization’s standard for irrigation water (100 µg/L), and the Chinese Ministry of Health’s standard for food in South Asia (0.15 mg/kg), respectively. Several individuals demonstrated dermal, neurological, reproductive, cognitive, and cancerous effects; many children have been diagnosed with a range of arsenicosis symptoms, and numerous arsenic-induced deaths of youthful victims are reported in the GRB. Victims of arsenic exposure face critical social challenges in the form of social isolation and hatred by their respective communities. Reluctance to establish arsenic standards and unsustainable arsenic mitigation programs have aggravated the arsenic calamity in the GRB and put millions of lives in danger. This alarming situation resembles a ticking time bomb. We feel that after 29 years of arsenic research in the GRB, we have seen the tip of the iceberg with respect to the actual magnitude of the catastrophe; thus, a reduced arsenic standard for drinking water, testing all available drinking water sources, and sustainable and cost-effective arsenic mitigation programs that include the participation of the people are urgently needed

An Eight-year Study Report on Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater and Health Effects in Eruani Village, Bangladesh and an Approach for Its Mitigation

Based on several surveys during 1997-2005 and visits of a medical team to Eruani village, Laksham upazila, Comilla district, Bangladesh, the arsenic contamination situation and consequent clinical manifestations of arsenicosis among the villagers, including dermatology, neuropathy, and obstetric outcome, are reported here. Analysis of biological samples from patients and non-patients showed high body burden of arsenic. Even after eight years of known exposure, village children were still drinking arsenic-contaminated water, and many of them had arsenical skin lesions. There were social problems due to the symptoms of arsenicosis. The last survey established that there is a lack of proper awareness among villagers about different aspects of arsenic toxicity. The viability of different options of safe water, such as dugwells, deep tubewells, rainwater harvesting, and surface water with watershed management in the village, was studied. Finally, based on 19 years of field experience, it was felt that, for any successful mitigation programme, emphasis should be given to creating awareness among villagers about the arsenic problem, role of arsenic-free water, better nutrition from local fruits and vegetables, and, above all, active participation of women along with others in the struggle against the arsenic menace