Experimental and Computational Study of Flow Fields in Porous Electrodes for the Vanadium Flow Battery

The Vanadium Flow Battery is a leading technology for medium to large-scale energy storage, however, the efficiency, capacity, and power density can be impeded by mass transport limitations. In this thesis, advanced flow field patterned modified graphite porous electrodes were produced using an embroidery method. The battery performance and electrolyte distribution were analysed for various embroidered designs on 100 mm x 100 mm graphite felt electrodes. Flow visualisation tests demonstrated that embroidered graphite felt electrodes showed better flow distribution and provided lower pressure drops of 35.0 %, 33.0 % and 11.0 % for the parallel, diamond and perpendicular pattern modified graphite electrodes respectively compared to the pristine sample. The modified porous electrodes were then compared to a pristine graphite electrode in battery tests. Polarisation test results indicated that embroidered electrodes can operate at lower flow rates compared to a pristine electrode saving pumping energy without sacrificing battery performance. The parallel and diamond pattern electrodes improved the overall energy efficiency of the battery system by 3.8% and 5.5% respectively. The flow characteristics of different designs are investigated using computational modelling, and the results were found to agree favourably with the experiment work. An advanced flow distributor has been modelled, reducing the flow uniformity parameter by 27.5 % for pristine, 42.7 % for perpendicular, 36.0 % for parallel, and 32.0 % for diamond pattern modified graphite electrode. A 100 mm wide x 300 mm long cell was simulated with an advanced flow distributor. The pressure drop reduction was 2.0 % for the perpendicular pattern, 38.0 % for parallel pattern, and 40.0 % for diamond pattern design compared to the pristine electrode. The pattern optimisation for parallel and diamond pattern designs was further conducted by varying spacing width and channel width. The results showed that the narrower the width of spacing between each channel and the wider the width of channel, the lower the pressure drop with better flow uniformity. The widest channel and the narrowest spacing pattern considered reduced the pressure drop by 71.6 % and 73.5 % for the parallel and diamond pattern modified electrodes compared to the pristine felt electrode

4-(4-Methoxy­phen­yl)-4-methyl-2,6-diphenyl-4H-thio­pyran

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C25H22OS, comprises two similar 4-(4-methoxy­phen­yl)-4-methyl-2,6-diphenyl-4H-thio­pyran mol­ecules. In each, the six-membered thio­pyran ring adopts a planar conformation (r.m.s. deviation of 0.041Å for the ring in one mol­ecule and 0.008 Å in the other). The methoxy­phenyl substituent is in a pseudo-axial position. The crystal studied is an inversion twin, with a domain ratio of 0.39 (6)

4-(4-Bromo­phenyl)-2-methyl-2,6-di­phenyl-2H-thio­pyran

The six-membered thio­pyran ring in the title compound, C24H19BrS, adopts an approximate envelope conformation, with the S atom displaced by 0.26 (1) Å and the 2-methyl­ene C atom by −0.54 (1) Å from the plane of the other four sp 2-hydridized C atoms. The methyl substituent on the methyl­ene carbon lies in a pseudo-axial position with the phenyl ring in a pseudo-equatorial position

4-Methyl-2,4,6-triphenyl-4H-thio­pyran

The six-membered thio­pyran ring in the title compound, C24H20S, adopts a flattened boat conformation, with the S atom displaced by 0.273 (2) Å and the 3-methyl­ene C atom by 0.294 (3) Å from the plane of the other four sp 2-hydridized C atoms. The methyl group on the methyl­ene carbon lies in a axial position with the phenyl equatorial

The relation of the doctrine of creation to the person of Jesus Christ in New Testament theology.

In this study we shall deal with the great affirmation of the Bible that the purpose of God which is manifested in the history of Israel is the same purpose on which the entire creation is founded. Being a redemptive purpose, it is conceived not as an abstract, immovable design, but as effective in itself, identical with the creator's word striving for fulfillment in the world. Jesus fulfills this all-inclusive purpose as the Messiah of Israel, bringing the chosen people of God, and in principle the entire cosmos, to a final crisis wherein divine judgment is enacted on human sin and the new humanity is brought into being. The new humanity, inaugurated in Christ's fulfillment of the creator's purpose, is an eschatological concept and offers man the possibility of becoming a complete man in Jesus Christ. Man's response to this offer involves the recognition of human solidarity, even cosmic solidarity, for, by divine intent, he lives not in isolation, but in a network of relationships to the rest of creation