Development and in-vitro Evaluation of a Topical Drug Delivery System Containing Betamethazone Loaded Ethyl Cellulose Nanospheres

Purpose: Lipid nanospheres are used for the passive targeting of cosmetic agents to skin, thereby achieving major benefits such as reduction of total dose and avoidance of systemic absorption. The present study was carried out to exploit the feasibility of using polymeric nanospheres as an alternative and cheaper carrier for targeting corticosteroids to the skin. Methods: Nanospheres were prepared from ethyl cellulose by a modified method of desolvation and cross linking. The drug betamethazone was incorporated into nanospheres and the drug: polymer ratio was evaluated to determine the carrier capacity of the polymer. In-vitro release studies of drug-loaded nanospheres were carried out by the centrifugal ultrafiltration method. The kinetics of release was determined and fitted to an empirical equation. The release of drug from drug-loaded nanospheres dispersing in a conventional cream was evaluated. A comparative in-vitro diffusion study was carried out between a commercial brand of cream and the cream incorporating nanospheres. Results: Formulation of nanospheres of betamethazone by a modified method produced discrete particles. Studies on drug:polymer ratio showed a linear relationship between drug concentration and percentage of loading. The in-vitro release of drug-loaded nanospheres was found to be first order. The comparative in-vitro diffusion study between the commercial cream and the formulated cream showed a marked reduction in release rate from nanospheres-bound cream. Conclusion: Formulated topical cream containing nanospheres of betamethazone was found to be a potential dermal delivery system for sustaining the release of the drug. Keywords: Nanospheres, desolvation and cross-linking method, ethyl cellulose, betamethazone, in-vitro diffusion studies.> Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4 (2) 2005: pp. 495-50

PHYLOGENY OF ENDEMIC MARINE SPONGE HYATTELLA INTESTINALIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ASSOCIATED BACTERIA

Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the diversity of culturable bacteria associated with marine water sponges. Methods: The marine sponge of Hyattella intestinalis was collected from Sethubavachatram, a village panchayat in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu state, India. One gram of the sponge sample was cut into small pieces and serially diluted. spread on Zobell 2216E marine agar medium and incubated at room temperate (RT, 24 ± 2oC) for 48 h. Based on morphological features, colonies were randomly picked and purified using streak plates. The linked bacteria strains were given names based on the initials of the sponge from which they were recovered. Results: The HIB1, HIB2, and HIB3 were isolated from Hyattella intestinalis. Among the three, HIB1 colonies were found dominant, and further the biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA sequence was studied. It revealed that the marine sponge Lysinibacillus sp. associated bacteria with HIB1 code. Conclusion: The HIB1 was closely related to Lysinibacillus macroides with 97.81% homology. The NCBI accession number was MZ695813

MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF ENDEMIC MARINE SPONGE AND THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ASSOCIATED BACTERIA

Introduction Spongiidae is a family of sponges comprised of seven species ranging in shape and size from small and low-lying to towering and gigantic. For instance, the Hyattella species from India has been described in a perplexing way. Objective The primary objective is to morphologically identify a marine sponge from Sethubavachatram village in Tamil Nadu, India. Then to identify the bacteria associated with the sample to synthesize silver nanoparticles and to know antimicrobial property of the samples. Methodology The sponges is identified by morphology and found to be Hippospongia intestinalis. The bacteria associated with the sponges is Lysinibacillus macrolides. Silver nanoparticles were synthesikzed and analyzed by SEM and TEM. Conclusion The antimicrobial assay confirmed that the synthesized particles are effective in inhibiting disease causing bacterial and fungal strains

PROTEOMIC STUDY OF CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT K. PNEUMONIAE CLINICAL ISOLATES

Objective: Now it's a worldwide issue that carbapenem resistance is spreading. This has made K. pneumoniae infections more difficult to treat. All Klebsiella pneumonia's proteins were examined in this study, which focused on the carbapenem-resistant bacteria's response to meropenem. Materials and Methods: Proteomics (MALDI-TOF) and bioinformatics methods were combined to answer the new enigma of resistance. Functional annotation, pathway enrichment and protein–protein interaction were some of the uses of this data. Both KEGG and STRING played an important role (PPI). Results: Proteins that help synthesise DNA and RNA, proteins that aid in carbapenem degradation, and proteins that aid energy and intermediate metabolism are all subdivided into two classes. Conclusion:  Bacterial survival and meropenem resistance may have been aided by four overexpressed proteins and their partners. A new anti-resistance medication based on these proteins could help restrict the growth of "bad bugs.