Soil moisture depletion and ground water use by bed planted barley as influenced by cultivars, crop geometry and moisture regimes

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2011-2012 at Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agri-cultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India) to study the periodic soil moisture depletion and ground water use by bed planted barley as influenced by cultivars, crop geometry and moisture regimes under shallow water table conditions. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications keeping combinations of three cultivars viz., BH 393, BH 902 and BH 885 and two crop geometries viz 2 rows per bed and 3 rows per bed (70 cm wide with 40 cm top and 30 cm furrow) in main plots and three moisture regimes (irrigation at IW/CPE 0.3, 0.4 & 0.5) in sub plots. The results revealed that maximum soil moisture depletion (105 mm) and ground water contribution (62 mm) were recorded in BH 902, followed by BH 393 and BH 885. Among crop geometries, soil moisture depletion (96.6 mm) and ground water contribution (61 mm) were recorded higher in 3 rows per bed than 2 rows per bed. Among three moisture regimes, the soil moisture depletion (108 mm) and ground water contribution (65 mm) decreased with increase in moisture regime from irrigation at IW/CPE 0.3 to irrigation at IW/CPE 0.4 or 0.5

Severe acute malnutrition: seasonal variations in Southern Rajasthan, India

Background: Malnutrition is India’s one of the biggest health care challenge. India has some of the highest rates of child malnutrition. We performed a retrospective study of children admitted in Malnutrition Treatment Centre to find out any seasonal variations in the prevalence of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in Southern Rajasthan, India.Methods: In this hospital based retrospective study, data were analysed for all children admitted at malnutrition treatment centre of a tertiary level hospital attached to a medical college from April 2014 to March 2016 to study the seasonal variations in the prevalence of SAM.Results: A total of 30,140 children were admitted during the last two years, out of which under five children other than new born were 4,942 in 2014-15 and 5,972 in year 2015-16. Total 1915 SAM children were admitted in our malnutrition treatment centre (MTC) in last 2 years. Among the under five children 840 (17%) children were admitted with SAM in 2014-2015 and 1075 (18%) in year 2015-2016. The number of SAM admission has increased in 2015-16 from the previous year (p0.05).Conclusions: The prevalence of SAM in admitted patients was high as compared to national and state data and this has increased over the year, but there are no month wise seasonal variations in prevalence of SAM in our children representing Southern Rajasthan, India.

EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS AND FYM ON MICROBIAL POPULATION OF SOYBEAN FIELD [GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERRILL]

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is an all famous oil seed as well as pulse crop which contains 40-44 % protein, 20 % oil and many other nutrients. A field experiment was conducted to know the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi and FYM on microbial population of soybean field during Kharif season 2009-10. Among treatments, Aspergillus awamori and Bacillus polymixa were used as seed treatment @ 20 g/kg seed and phosphorus levels were given through SSP (50 and 25 % P2O5 ) and FYM levels (5 and 2.5 t/ha) as applied into the soil. Seed treatment with A. awamori increased fungal (25.25 and 29.06 cfu x 103/g) and actinomycetes population (23.44 and 26.19 cfu x 108/g) while B. polymixa increased phosphate solubilizing bacterial counts (21.37 and 23.31 cfu x 106/g) significantly at 30 and 60 DAS, respectively. Application of FYM (5 t/ha) had significantly increased the fungi (22.21 and 27.25 cfu x 103/g), actinomycetes (20.37 and 23.77 cfu x 108/g), bacterial (30.55 and 36.02 cfu x 106/g) and PSB population (18.42 and 21.30 cfu x 106/g) in the soybean field at 30 and 60 DAS, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the application of Aspergillus awamori (20 g/kg seed) and FYM (5 t/ha) are better to increase microbial population as well as yield attributes of soybean in the field

Enrich multi-channel P2P VoD streaming based on dynamic replication strategy

Peer-to-Peer Video-on-Demand (VoD) is a favorable solution which compromises thousands of videos to millions of users with completeinteractive video watching stream. Most of the profitable P2P streaming groupsPPLive, PPStream and UUSee have announced a multi-channel P2P VoD system that approvals user to view extra one channel at a time. The present multiple channel P2P VoD system resonant a video at a low streaming rate due to the channel resource inequity and channel churn. In order to growth the streaming capacity, this paper highlights completely different effective helpers created resource balancing scheme that actively recognizes the supply-and-demand inequity in multiple channels. Moreover, peers in an extra channel help its unused bandwidth resources to peers in a shortage channel that minimizes the server bandwidth consumption. To provide a desired replication ratio for optimal caching, it develops a dynamic replication strategy that optimally tunes the number of replicas based on dynamic popularity in a distributed and dynamic routine. This work accurately forecasts the varying popularity over time using Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model, an effective time-series forecasting technique that supports dynamic environment. Experimental assessment displays that the offered dynamic replication strategy which should achieves high streaming capacity under reduced server workload when associated to existing replication algorithms

The role of concrete experiences in learning primary school math

In a typical class, the teacher assumes the role of a ring master and gives step wise instruction to the class with little room for any exploration. Instructions like take one red link, put it on the table. Take two red links, join them and lay them next to one” and “do as I say”. A sensitive teacher would put the manipulatives to better use by withholding instructions like 'use red links' or 'put two links next to one' and so on. “

VIRULENCE DIVERSITY OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI CAUSING SHEATH BLIGHT DISEASE IN RICE AND ITS HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION

The present investigation is carried out for the identification of resistant genotypes of rice against sheath blight disease and virulence diversity among the isolates of pathogen. This disease is caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (Teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris) is one of the most ubiquitous and destructive soil borne disease. The 12 R. solani isolates were collected and characterized based on morphological and sclerotial characters and virulence diversity on 10 different rice varieties. The disease progress and severities were analysed using AUDPC value on the basis of lesion length recorded on 4, 8, 12 and 16 DAI. Evaluation on the basis of AUDPC value, out of 10 varieties of rice, Sarju-52 depicted highly resistant (19.91) while Jaya (21.87), UPR-2005-38 (23.97) and IET-15182 (23.16) showed moderately resistant disease reaction with most of the isolates tested; where as the variety Pusa Basmati-1 (46.57) depicted highly susceptible disease reaction. Among these some isolates were highly and moderately virulent whereas most of the isolates were less virulent. The identified resistant (Sarju-52) and susceptible (Pusa Basumati-1) is the potential source for the breeding programmes for further development of resistant varieties in rice

ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND CONFIRMATION OF METALLOTHIONEIN FROM THE LIVER TISSUE OF CADMIUM EXPOSED FRESHWATER FISH, CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLA

Objective: Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of low molecular mass, cysteine-rich proteins with a variety of functions including involvement in metal homeostasis, free radical scavenging, protection against heavy metal toxicity, and metabolic regulation. MT was obtained after purification from cadmium (Cd) exposed fish (Ctenopharyngodon idella) liver tissue using affinity chromatography. While various chromatographic separation methods are available, Affinity chromatography has been reported to be more suitable for separating low molecular weight metal bound proteins like MT. Affinity chromatography involves separating using biochemical mixture based on a highly specific interaction such as that between antigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, or receptor and ligands. Methods: In the present study, in order to induce optimum MT concentrations in tissues, the experimental fishes were exposed to 5 ppm (which is about half the LC50 for this fish) of CdCl2 for 72 h. Results: The induced MT was isolated and purified by Affinity chromatography and desalting column (Sephadex G-25). Purified MT was evaluated by 15% SDS–PAGE and confirmed by western blot with specific antibodies. Conclusion: MT can be used in bio-monitoring programs as a biomarker of Cd exposure in aquatic environments

INDUCTION OF METALLOTHIONEIN WITH CADMIUM CHLORIDE IN A ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT FRESHWATER FISH-GRASS CARP, CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLA (VALENCIENNES, 1844)

Objectives: Metallothioneins (MTs) have been widely considered for their potential use as a specific biomarkers to reflect the existence of heavymetal pollution, because their induction has been observed to be obviously elevated after heavy metal exposure in a large number aquaticorganisms. However, relatively fewer efforts have been made to study the related effects of MT in fish species, such as Ctenopharyngodon idella(C. idella), a globally important aquaculture species. The objective of this study was to determine the cadmium (Cd) levels and MT induction inmuscle, gill, kidney, and liver in C. idella during acute Cd exposure, to study the relationship between tissue-specific Cd accumulation and MTinduction.Methods: Cd accumulation and MT induction levels was determined according to the methods of Ma et al., 2007. Cd concentration was determinedusing an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Optima-5300 DV).Results: The MT induction levels were found in an increasing order of liver>kidney>gill >muscle. A positive correlation was shown between MTinduction and Cd accumulation. The accumulation of Cd levels in all tissues is distinct by time-dependent and dose-dependent.Conclusion: These results suggest that MT in the liver played an important role to detoxify high quantities of Cd. Cd accumulation showed a positivecorrelation with MT induction in all the tissues studied. Hence, the present investigation marks that MT levels can be considered as a biomarker foracute waterborne Cd.Keywords: Heavy metals, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Biomarker protein, Metallothionein, Ctenopharyngodon idella