Prevalence, Reasons, and Perceived Effects of Khat Chewing Among Students of a College in Gondar Town, Northwestern Ethiopia: A Cross‑sectional Study

Background: The estimate of the number of people chewing Khat globally ranges from 5 to 10 million people. Its use may result in a variety of effects due to the different compounds in it with effects on the gastro‑intestinal system and nervous system being the principal ones. Aim: To assess the prevalence, factors, and effects of Khat chewing among students of a college in Gondar town, northwestern Ethiopia. Subjects and Methods: An institution‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted from 15th to 20th of April 2009 on a total sample of 424 students who were selected using stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected by three of the principal investigators using a structured pretested data collection instrument and analyzed by Epi Info version 3.5.2. Results: The lifetime and current prevalence of Khat chewing among the respondents were 42% (168/400) and 32.5% (130/400), respectively. Sex (P < 0.01), religion (P < 0.001), and income (P < 0.01) showed statistically significant variation in Khat chewing. The commonest frequency of Khat chewing was once a day 33.1% (43/130) while alcohol (40.8% [53/130]) and cigarette (40.0% [52/130]) were the mostly used substances with Khat. More than half of the chewers (53.85% [70/130]) reported spending 1–4 h for one Khat chewing ceremony. Financially majority of the chewers reported spending up to 10 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) (1.13 United States Dollar) on Khat ( 54.6% [71/130]) and other substances (64.6% [84/130]). Nearly two‑thirds (62.3% [81/130]) of the chewers mentioned seeking concentration during study as their main reason for chewing. Among chewers, 83.1% (108/130) reported they faced problem associated to sleep disturbance, 82.3% (107/130) loss of appetite, and 80.8% (105/130) constipation. Conclusion: The prevalence of Khat chewing was fairly high among the students and the majority among them used other substances together with Khat. Spending of a significant amount of money and facing health problems were reported to be consequences of the habit. The college should take steps to make students aware of the ills of Khat chewing and associated habits.Keywords: College, Effects, Gondar, Khat, Prevalence, Reason

The Meanings of Communal Space Patterns in the Kaluppini Traditional Area, Enrekang Regency, Indonesia

Communal open spaces in the Kaluppini community in Indonesia are called datte-datte. This study aims to reveal the meanings of the communal open space patterns in the Kaluppini customary area in the Kaluppini Village, Enrekang Regency, Indonesia. It uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The findings show that in the implementation of the Maccera To Manurung traditional event, the datte-datte consisted of 5 aspects. They are as follows. • The main space of Maccera To Manurung serve as the center of Maccera to Manurung traditional activities with a series of activities such as tudang ada', massumajo, dance pajjaga massisemba, and kumande samaturu. specifically for traditional holders and guests of honor. • Kaju lamba' is a place to carry out traditional rituals marked by giving yellow leaves around the kaju lamba' • The so'diang gandang space which functions as a place to put the drums will then be played in turn by the traditional stakeholders and the community with a certain rhythm. • To Manurung is the symbol space for the descendants. • The mappadendang space is a place to put the mortar and pestle used by the traditional uncles and the community in performing mappadendang attractions as the traditional dance from the Kaluppini community. These meanings of communal space patterns indicate togetherness and holiness

Ketersediaan Ruang Terbuka Hijau di Kelurahan Lembo Kota Makassar

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Green open space in Makassar City was decreasing due to population growth and high land demand. The phenomenon that occured was that land use as a green open space was decreasing due to an increase in built space. This study aimed to determine the availability of green open space in the Lembo Village, Tallo District, Makassar. Qualitative descriptive analysis and superimpose analysis were used to determine the availability of green open space in that area. The results showed that public and private green open spaces were available in that area with an area of 18.12 Ha or equivalent to 33.56% of the total area. The green open space was at least 30% of the total area, this condition shows sustainability&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</jats:p

Perkembangan Tata Guna Lahan Ditinjau Dari Historis Kelelawar Sebagai Nilai Simbol di Kecamatan Lalabata

The existence of bats in the urban area of Soppeng Regency not only had a mystery, but also was a unique characteristic in that area. The bats still exist even the city was developed rapidly. This study was aimed to study the effect of bat habitat on land use development and to understand the direction of land use development in maintaing the sustainability of the bat's historical value. Desctiptive analysis and linear regression methods were used in this research. The results showed that the development of the city had linear pattern which follows the direction of the road so that the city was not centralized in Watansoppeng. The linear regression result showed that the population affect the development of land use in the District of Lalabata, Soppeng Regency. The population was more dominant to build outside the city in order to converse the habitat of bats

Analisis Ambang Batas Lahan Pemakaman di Kota Makassar

Peningkatan jumlah penduduk Kota Makassar dari tahun 2014-2016 berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan jumlah kematian sehingga kebutuhan lahan untuk pemakaman tiap tahunnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui besar ambang batas lahan pemakaman umum Islam di Kota Makassar dan menyusun arahan perencanaan dalam pengembangan pemenuhan kebutuhan lahan pemakaman ditinjau dari aspek tata ruang. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif, proyeksi penduduk dan daya tampung sebagai ambang batas lahan pemakaman. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ambang batas lahan pemakaman umum Islam di Kota Makassar masih mampu menampung jumlah kematian hingga tahun 2023 dengan sistem normal sedangkan untuk sistem tumpuk mampu menampung hingga tahun 2029. Arahan perencanaan dalam pengembangan pemenuhan kebutuhan lahan pemakaman ditinjau dari aspek tata ruang dengan pengoptimalisasian lahan pemakaman, sistem penumpukan makam, hutang lindung sebagai tempat pemakaman umum, pemakaman berdiri, pemindahan makam, pembuangan abu kremasi, pemakaman terpadu dan ideal.</jats:p

Pengaruh Reproduksi Ruang terhadap Perubahan Sosial dan Ekonomi Masyarakat Setempat di Kelurahan Samata Kabupaten Gowa

AbstractSamata Urban Village is located in Gowa Regency, the emergence of new areas in the Samata Urban Village replaces the land that was originally occupied by the local community to be transformed into an elite and luxurious area, both that occurred in the city center and in the periphery. The process of rehabilitation and urban renewal is what is referred to as gentrification which in the end urban spaces are utilized by those with high income into real estate. This study aims to identify general condition, to determine the reproduction of space and the impact to social and economic. The analytical method used is superimpose analysis and descriptive analysis. Based on the analysis it was found that with the reproduction of space for the construction of economic and residential facilities that have a high value impact, so many people sell their land. Changes in social and economic conditions according to the correlation analysis of the influence of the development of the Village Samata gave a large influence on population growth with a correlation value of 0.98 with a very strong influence and job development with a correlation value of 0.80 with a very strong influence. So the influence of spatial reproduction in Samata Village has a big impact on the development of physical space in the Samata Village.</jats:p

Extent of dispensing prescription-only medications without a prescription in community drug retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a simulated-patient study

Daniel Asfaw Erku,1 Abebe Basazn Mekuria,2 Abdrrahman Shemsu Surur,1 Begashaw Melaku Gebresillassie3 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2Department of Pharmacology, 3Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia Purpose: This study was aimed at assessing the extent of dispensing prescription-only medications without a prescription in community drug retail outlets (CDROs) of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional observational study design was used to sample 31 pharmacies, 25 drug stores, and two rural drug vendors from August 11, 2015, to October 21, 2015, through a simple random sampling method. A simulated-patient method of visit was implemented to collect data. Requests of six tracer prescription-only medicines (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid capsule, amitriptyline, captopril, glibenclamide [also known as glyburide], omeprazole capsule, and sildenafil citrate) and upper respiratory tract infection were selected as the simulated clinical scenario.Results: Amoxicillin&ndash;clavulanic acid capsule was dispensed when requested in 87.93% of the dispensaries. All of the CDROs dispensed omeprazole upon request. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) was in stock in 96.55% of the CDROs, all of which issued the requested number of tablets without asking why or for whom the drug was needed. Amitriptyline, captopril, and glibenclamide (glyburide) were dispensed in 84.48%, 89.65%, and 87.93% of CDROs upon the provision of an empty container. Antibiotics were obtained from 75.86% of CDROs for presentation of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms. Among the dispensed antibiotics, the most common was amoxicillin (93.18%), followed by amoxicillin&ndash;clavulanic acid capsule (72.72%), and azithromycin (50%). Only 4.5% of the dispensaries asked about drug allergies, and 15.9% of the CDROs informed the simulated patient about the possible side effects of the drugs.Conclusion: This study revealed a very high rate of dispensing of prescription-only medicines without a prescription. Antimicrobials and drugs for chronic diseases were obtained with ease from almost all of the randomly sampled CDROs. Putting good dispensing practice into effect and adhering to the existing national laws and regulations regarding the same are necessary. It is also necessary to adopt a strong and explicit line of action, especially toward the irrational use of antibiotics. Keywords: community pharmacy, dispensing malpractice, simulated study, Ethiopi

Analisis Ambang Batas Lahan Pemakaman di Kota Makassar

Peningkatan jumlah penduduk Kota Makassar dari tahun 2014-2016 berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan jumlah kematian sehingga kebutuhan lahan untuk pemakaman tiap tahunnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui besar ambang batas lahan pemakaman umum Islam di Kota Makassar dan menyusun arahan perencanaan dalam pengembangan pemenuhan kebutuhan lahan pemakaman ditinjau dari aspek tata ruang. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif, proyeksi penduduk dan daya tampung sebagai ambang batas lahan pemakaman. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ambang batas lahan pemakaman umum Islam di Kota Makassar masih mampu menampung jumlah kematian hingga tahun 2023 dengan sistem normal sedangkan untuk sistem tumpuk mampu menampung hingga tahun 2029. Arahan perencanaan dalam pengembangan pemenuhan kebutuhan lahan pemakaman ditinjau dari aspek tata ruang dengan pengoptimalisasian lahan pemakaman, sistem penumpukan makam, hutang lindung sebagai tempat pemakaman umum, pemakaman berdiri, pemindahan makam, pembuangan abu kremasi, pemakaman terpadu dan ideal