Teaching language components to deaf/hard-of-hearing and cochlear implant users: a literature review

ABSTRACT Cochlear implants are one of the possible ways for Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) individuals to detect sounds and as a mean of insertion in the social, academic and work environments. Nevertheless, in many cases, the cochlear implant alone is not sufficient, demanding hearing and expressive language skills rehabilitation to optimize the device used. This study aimed at reviewing scientific articles that described empirical research with interventions and/or teaching methods of various language repertoires to deaf and hard-of-hearing cochlear implant users. The review was carried out in five scientific databases considering all periods. On the first phase, 156 articles were identified and from these, 24 publications were selected. After being read, these articles were categorized and analyzed as to the participants, teaching targets and procedures adopted. On the last stage of the research, 10 experimental studies were selected and analyzed regarding procedures and results, indicating important factors in teaching this population. The results point to the necessity of an increase of scientific production in the construction and evaluation of effective verbal repertoires teaching programs for cochlear implant users.RESUMO O indivíduo com deficiência auditiva encontra no implante coclear um dispositivo de reabilitação da capacidade de detectar sons e de inserção no meio social, acadêmico e do trabalho. No entanto, em muitos casos, apenas o implante não é suficiente, sendo necessário investimento na reabilitação de habilidades auditivas e da linguagem expressiva para otimizar o uso do dispositivo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo revisar artigos científicos que apresentem estudos empíricos da aplicação de intervenções e/ou métodos de ensino de repertórios de linguagem diversos a população com deficiência auditiva e usuária de implante coclear. O levantamento foi realizado em cinco bases de dados em qualquer período. Na primeira etapa foram levantadas 156 publicações, e destes, 24 artigos foram selecionados. A partir da leitura, os artigos foram categorizados e analisados quanto aos participantes, alvos de ensino e procedimentos empregados. Na última etapa da pesquisa, 10 estudos experimentais foram selecionados e analisados quanto aos procedimentos e resultados, indicando alguns fatores importantes no ensino com esta população. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de uma maior e mais sistemática produção científica na construção e avaliação de programas de ensino de repertórios verbais efetivos para a população usuária de implante coclear

The microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: current and therapeutic insights

Erin R Lane,1 Timothy L Zisman,2 David L Suskind1 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, 2Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease is a heterogeneous group of chronic disorders that result from the interaction of the intestinal immune system with the gut microbiome. Until recently, most investigative efforts and therapeutic breakthroughs were centered on understanding and manipulating the altered mucosal immune response that characterizes these diseases. However, more recent studies have highlighted the important role of environmental factors, and in particular the microbiota, in disease onset and disease exacerbation. Advances in genomic sequencing technology and bioinformatics have facilitated an explosion of investigative inquiries into the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome in health and disease and have advanced our understanding of the interplay between the gut microbiota and the host immune system. The gut microbiome is dynamic and changes with age and in response to diet, antibiotics and other environmental factors, and these alterations in the microbiome contribute to disease onset and exacerbation. Strategies to manipulate the microbiome through diet, probiotics, antibiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation may potentially be used therapeutically to influence modulate disease activity. This review will characterize the factors involved in the development of the intestinal microbiome and will describe the typical alterations in the microbiota that are characteristic of inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, this manuscript will summarize the early but promising literature on the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease with implications for utilizing this data for diagnostic or therapeutic application in the clinical management of patients with these diseases. Keywords: Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, microbiome, fecal microbiota transplantation, enteral nutrition, specific carbohydrate die