Le sport comme espace de reproduction et de contestation des représentations stéréotypées de la féminité

De plus en plus de filles et de femmes participent à des sports de tradition masculine tels que le hockey, l'haltérophilie ou la boxe. Cette transformation de la réalité sportive a-t-elle un impact sur les normes dominantes de la féminité? L'objectif principal des auteures de cette étude était double : d'une part, vérifier dans quelle mesure les adolescentes et les adolescents québécois adhèrent ou résistent aux normes de féminité véhiculées par l'institution sportive; d'autre part, voir dans quelle mesure leurs dispositions à l'égard de ces normes sont liées à une conception plus ou moins stéréotypée de la féminité. Deux des processus de construction sociale du genre proposés par Harding (1986), soit le symbolisme dichotomique de genre et la structuration selon le genre des sphères d'activités sociales, sont au fondement de cette recherche

Le sport comme espace de reproduction et de contestation des représentations stéréotypées de la féminité

De plus en plus de filles et de femmes participent à des sports de tradition masculine tels que le hockey, l’haltérophilie ou la boxe. Cette transformation de la réalité sportive a-t-elle un impact sur les normes dominantes de la féminité? L’objectif principal des auteures de cette étude était double : d’une part, vérifier dans quelle mesure les adolescentes et les adolescents québécois adhèrent ou résistent aux normes de féminité véhiculées par l’institution sportive; d’autre part, voir dans quelle mesure leurs dispositions à l’égard de ces normes sont liées à une conception plus ou moins stéréotypée de la féminité. Deux des processus de construction sociale du genre proposés par Harding (1986), soit le symbolisme dichotomique de genre et la structuration selon le genre des sphères d’activités sociales, sont au fondement de cette recherche. Une démarche méthodologique qualitative a été privilégiée. Au total, 354 jeunes (180 filles et 174 garçons) de cinquième secondaire de trois milieux socioéconomiques différents ont rédigé une « lettre d’opinion » sur leur conception de la féminité et sur leur perception des filles qui pratiquent des sports socialement perçus comme « masculins ». L’analyse de contenu des lettres d’opinion révèle que la sphère sportive constitue à la fois un espace de reproduction et un espace de contestation de la division sexuelle. Les résultats confirment des rapports inégalitaires entre les sexes : les garçons sont trois fois plus nombreux que les filles à exprimer un jugement négatif au regard de la participation de ces dernières à des sports de tradition masculine. À l’opposé, une forte majorité de filles voient dans ces pratiques un lieu de contestation de l’ordre social de genre. L’analyse des conceptions de la féminité indique, par ailleurs, que l’adhésion aux représentations stéréotypées du sexe est plus prégnante dans l’imaginaire des jeunes que l’assignation sexuée des pratiques sportives, et ce, tant chez les filles que chez les garçons. Enfin, l’examen des interconnexions entre le sexe et le niveau socioéconomique suggère une double domination pour les filles du milieu populaire et une forme de complicité dans la domination chez les garçons et les filles du milieu bien nanti.More and more girls and women currently engage in sports of masculine tradition like hockey, weightlifting and boxing. Does this transformation in the sport reality have an impact on the dominant norms of femininity? The overall objective of this study was two-fold: first, to verify if Québec adolescents adhere to or contest the norms of femininity carried by the sport institution, and second, to evaluate to what extent their opinion with regard to theses norms are linked to a stereotyped conception of femininity. Two of the processes proposed by Harding (1986) with regard to the social construction of gender, « gender symbolism » and « gender structure », are at the foundation of our research. A qualitative methodology was adopted. Three hundred fifty-four teenagers (180 girls and 174 boys) of fifth grade (high school) from three different socioeconomic milieus wrote an « opinion letter » on their conception of femininity and of girls who play so called « male sports ». A content analysis of the opinion letters reveals that the sport arena is altogether a site of reproduction and of contestation of the gender order. Results confirm gender inequality: the boys being three times numerous than the girls to express a negative judgement with regard to girls playing « male sports ». In contrast, a good majority of girls see in this transgression of the gender sport order an opportunity to contest the social gender order. The analysis of the conceptions of femininity shows however that the adhesion to the gender stereotypes is more salient in the teenagers' imagination than the gendered division of sport practices, and this, among the girls as well as among the boys. The examination of the intersection between gender and socioeconomic milieu suggests that girls from undeserved milieu experience a double domination (gender and class) and that there is a kind of complicity between the girls and the boys of the affluent milieu in the exercise of domination

Headlice: a precursor to Group A Streptococcal infection in remote Indigenous children

A child is brought to a remote area nursing clinic by his mother. He appears acutely unwell, is crying and scratching his head through matted hair – he has impetigo as a result of head lice. This case report describes the comprehensive wound management considerations to reduce the risk of rheumatic heart disease or renal disease secondary to infection with Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci (GAS). There is an extremely high incidence of impetigo secondary to scabies and head louse infestations in Northern Territory communities. Reducing the incidence of pyogenic skin disease and the more serious sequelae for children from remote Indigenous communities requires more than a course of antibiotics and educating the primary carers. It requires community wide action including promoting the importance of effective prevention and management of skin infections in infants and children and working with other sectors to address household overcrowding, a lack of health hardware, and a lack of ready access to affordable, effective topical head louse treatment

Depression is associated with some patient-perceived cosmetic changes, but not with radiotherapy-induced late toxicity, in long-term breast cancer survivors.: Depression-associated factors in long-term breast cancer survivors

International audienceOBJECTIVE: Although depression is prevalent in long-term breast cancer survivors (LTBCS; ≥5 years since diagnosis), it is underdiagnosed and undertreated. A better understanding of factors associated with depression could improve depression screening, treatment, and prevention in this population. Our study aimed to assess the link between patient and doctor ratings of breast cosmetic outcomes, late radiotherapy toxicity, and depression in LTBCS. METHODS: In all, 214 patients recruited from the ARCOSEIN study were assessed for late radiotherapy toxicity (by using the LENT-SOMA scale) and patient and doctor ratings of breast cosmetic outcomes (mean = 6.7 years since the end of treatment). We reassessed 120 of these patients for depression (HAD) during a second wave of long-term assessment (mean = 8.1 years since the end of treatment). We used univariate analyses and polytomous logistic regression analyses to predict the HAD depression, which was defined as follows: normal, 0-7 points; and significant depression, ≥8 points (8-10 points, possible depression; ≥11 points, probable depression). RESULTS: The mean HAD depression score was 4.5 ± 3.6. 19. 2% of our population had significant depression, 6.7% with probable depression, and 12.5% with possible depression. Significant depression was not associated with late radiotherapy toxicity or initial cancer-related variables. Patients with probable depression reported worse cosmetic outcomes than nondepressed patients in terms of perceived breast largeness (p = 0.04), breast deformation (p = 0.02), and changes in skin pigmentation (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In LTBCS, depression seems to be more strongly associated with changes in some patients' perceived breast cosmetic outcome than late treatment toxicity or initial cancer-related variables. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

A prospective study of the impact of child maltreatment and friend support on psychological distress trajectory : from adolescence to emerging adulthood

Background Transition into adulthood is a critical developmental period that may be influenced by adverse life events as well as by protective factors. This study aimed at investigating the effect of different forms of child maltreatment experienced prior to age 14 (i.e., sexual abuse, physical abuse and exposure to intimate partner violence), and of friend support at age 14 on the psychological distress trajectory from age 14 to 24. Methods Participants were 605 adolescents from the general population involved in a 10-year longitudinal study. Psychological distress was evaluated at ages 14, 16, 18 and 24. Child maltreatment prior to 14 years was retrospectively assessed at 14 and 24 years while perception of support from friends was evaluated at age 14. Results Multilevel growth modeling indicated that psychological distress followed a significant decreasing curvilinear trajectory, with participants reporting fewer distressing psychological symptoms after 18 years. All three forms of child maltreatment, as well as their cumulative effect, predicted more psychological distress over 10 years above and beyond the protective effect of support from friends. Higher support from friends at age 14 was related to lower distress at baseline andover 10 years, beyond the effect of child maltreatment. Limitations Self-report nature of all measures, attrition, and measures of child maltreatment forms. Conclusions Psychological distress decreased during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Results also revealed the detrimental impact of child maltreatment and the promotive role of friend support, which underscore the importance of early intervention

Women’s experiences of receiving care for pelvic organ prolapse: a qualitative study

Background Pelvic organ prolapse is a common urogenital condition affecting 41–50% of women over the age of 40. To achieve early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is important that care is sensitive to and meets women’s needs, throughout their patient journey. This study explored women’s experiences of seeking diagnosis and treatment for prolapse and their needs and priorities for improving person-centred care. Methods Twenty-two women receiving prolapse care through urogynaecology services across three purposefully selected NHS UK sites took part in three focus groups and four telephone interviews. A topic guide facilitated discussions about women’s experiences of prolapse, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, interactions with healthcare professionals, overall service delivery, and ideals for future services to meet their needs. Data were analysed thematically. Results Three themes emerged relating to women’s experiences of a) Evaluating what is normal b) Hobson’s choice of treatment decisions, and c) The trial and error of treatment and technique. Women often delayed seeking help for their symptoms due to lack of awareness, embarrassment and stigma. When presented to GPs, their symptoms were often dismissed and unaddressed until they became more severe. Women reported receiving little or no choice in treatment decisions. Choices were often influenced by health professionals’ preferences which were subtly reflected through the framing of the offer. Women’s embodied knowledge of their condition and treatment was largely unheeded, resulting in decisions that were inconsistent with women’s preferences and needs. Physiotherapy based interventions were reported as helping women regain control over their symptoms and life. A need for greater awareness of prolapse and physiotherapy interventions among women, GPs and consultants was identified alongside greater focus on prevention, early diagnosis and regular follow-up. Greater choice and involvement in treatment decision making was desired. Conclusions As prolapse treatment options expand to include more conservative choices, greater awareness and education is needed among women and professionals about these as a first line treatment and preventive measure, alongside a multi-professional team approach to treatment decision making. Women presenting with prolapse symptoms need to be listened to by the health care team, offered better information about treatment choices, and supported to make a decision that is right for them

13C—methyl formate : observations of a sample of high mass starforming regions including Orion—KL and spectroscopic characterization

We have surveyed a sample of massive star-forming regions located over a range of distances from the Galactic centre for methyl formate, HCOOCH3, and its isotopologues H13COOCH3 and HCOO13CH3. The observations were carried out with the APEX telescope in the frequency range 283.4-287.4 GHz. Based on the APEX observations, we report tentative detections of the 13C-methyl formate isotopologue HCOO13CH3 towards the following four massive star-forming regions: Sgr B2(N-LMH), NGC 6334 IRS 1, W51 e2 and G19.61-0.23. In addition, we have used the 1 mm ALMA science verification observations of Orion-KL and confirm the detection of the 13C-methyl formate species in Orion-KL and image its spatial distribution. Our analysis shows that the 12C/13C isotope ratio in methyl formate toward Orion-KL Compact Ridge and Hot Core-SW components (68.4±10.1 and 71.4±7.8, respectively) are, for both the 13C-methyl formate isotopologues, commensurate with the average 12C/13C ratio of CO derived toward Orion-KL. Likewise, regarding the other sources, our results are consistent with the 12C/13C in CO. We also report the spectroscopic characterization, which includes a complete partition function, of the complex H13COOCH3 and HCOO13CH3 species. New spectroscopic data for both isotopomers H13COOCH3 and HCOO13CH3, presented in this study, has made it possible to measure this fundamentally important isotope ratio in a large organic molecule for the first time.This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant 1008800. We are grateful to the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain for the financial support through grant No. FIS2011-28738-C02-02 and to the French Government through grant No. ANR-08-BLAN-0054 and the French PCMI (Programme National de Physique Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire). This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO. ALMA#2011.0.00009.SV.ALMAis a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA), and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada) and NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO, and NAOJ. C.F. thanks Dahbia Talbi, Eric Herbst, and Anthony Remijan for enlightening discussions. Finally, we thank the anonymous referee for helpful comments

Insights from global environmental governance

This collection of essays brings together scholars from various disciplines, based on three continents, with different theoretical and methodological interests, but all active in the subfield of global environmental governance (GEG). Each of them reviews the emerging literature around one specific conceptual innovation of GEG, related to one of the two core themes of GEG: International regimes or non-state actors. Beyond a review of the literature, each contribution hypothesizes on the reasons why GEG played a pioneer role in this concept and discusses its transferability to other subfields of IR

Plasmodium Purine Metabolism and Its Inhibition by Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues

International audienceMalaria still affects around 200 million people and is responsible for more than 400,000 deaths per year, mostly children in subequatorial areas. This disease is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus. Only a few WHO-recommended treatments are available to prevent or cure plasmodial infections, but genetic mutations in the causal parasites have led to onset of resistance against all commercial antimalarial drugs. New drugs and targets are being investigated to cope with this emerging problem, including enzymes belonging to the main metabolic pathways, while nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are also a promising class of potential drugs. This review highlights the main metabolic pathways targeted for the development of potential antiplasmodial therapies based on nucleos(t)ide analogues, as well as the different series of purine-containing nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives designed to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum purine metabolism.