The Adaptive Significance of Natural Genetic Variation in the DNA Damage Response of Drosophila melanogaster.

Despite decades of work, our understanding of the distribution of fitness effects of segregating genetic variants in natural populations remains largely incomplete. One form of selection that can maintain genetic variation is spatially varying selection, such as that leading to latitudinal clines. While the introduction of population genomic approaches to understanding spatially varying selection has generated much excitement, little successful effort has been devoted to moving beyond genome scans for selection to experimental analysis of the relevant biology and the development of experimentally motivated hypotheses regarding the agents of selection; it remains an interesting question as to whether the vast majority of population genomic work will lead to satisfying biological insights. Here, motivated by population genomic results, we investigate how spatially varying selection in the genetic model system, Drosophila melanogaster, has led to genetic differences between populations in several components of the DNA damage response. UVB incidence, which is negatively correlated with latitude, is an important agent of DNA damage. We show that sensitivity of early embryos to UVB exposure is strongly correlated with latitude such that low latitude populations show much lower sensitivity to UVB. We then show that lines with lower embryo UVB sensitivity also exhibit increased capacity for repair of damaged sperm DNA by the oocyte. A comparison of the early embryo transcriptome in high and low latitude embryos provides evidence that one mechanism of adaptive DNA repair differences between populations is the greater abundance of DNA repair transcripts in the eggs of low latitude females. Finally, we use population genomic comparisons of high and low latitude samples to reveal evidence that multiple components of the DNA damage response and both coding and non-coding variation likely contribute to adaptive differences in DNA repair between populations

Uloga Jeanne Lanvine u modi 20.stoljeća i pitanje revitalizacije njezinog opusa

Završni rad sastoji se od uvoda i razrade teme podijeljene u nekoliko poglavlja. Uvodni dio služi za definiranje teme, provedenom istraživanju o temi i ciljevima, opisana je i metoda rada te su navedeni autori i literature koji su korišteni tijekom istraživanja teme. Razrada teme započinje biografijom Jeanne Lanvin, od rođenja, tokom godina njenog rada pa sve do smrti. Istraživani su njeni najutjecajniji dizajni, uz koje su priložene slike, utjecaji kojima se koristila prilikom dizajniranja, priča iza loga modne kuće Lanvin, inovacije koje donosi u svijet mode te njen utjecaj na modni svijet. Posebno poglavlje služi za istraživanje drugih aspekata karijere u životu Jeanne Lanvin i svestranost i osebujnost njenoga rada te kreativnosti. Pobliže sam se fokusirala na vrste haljina/dizajna koji su se najviše isticali u njenim kreacijama. Revitalizacija i utjecaj rada Jeanne Lanvin na druge dizajnere opisana je u idućem poglavlju, te je ovo poglavlje podijeljeno na revitalizaciju kroz rad budućih dizajnera koji su naslijedili tu poziciju u modnoj kući Lanvin i na revitalizaciju i inspiraciju kod ostalih dizajnera. Naposlijetku, iznosi se zaključak donesen o temi ovog završnog rada i o rezultatima dobivenim tokom istraživanja. Navedena je literatura i autori.Bachelor dissertation consists of introduction and theme elaboration sectioned into several chapters. Introductory part serves for defining the theme, research that has been done on this subject and research goals, work method has been described as well as authors and literature that has been used for research has been listed. Theme development begins with Jeanne Lanvin biography, since the birth, trough the years of her work all up to death. Most influential designs made by her were researched, backed up with pictures, influences for her designs, the story behind the Lanvin house logo, and the innovations that she had brought to the world of fashion. Seperate chapter serves for research of other career aspects in life of Jeanne Lanvin and versatility and distinctiveness of her work and her creativity. I focused more on the types of dresses that stood out the most in her designs. Revitalization and influence of Jeanne Lanvin's work on other designers was worked on in the next chapter, wich is divided into revitalization through the work of the future designers in the Lanvin house and revitalization in other designers work. Lastly, the conclusion about this dissertation is made, as well as results obtained throughout researching of this subject. Literature and authors are listed at the end

Evidence that natural selection maintains genetic variation for sleep in Drosophila melanogaster.

BackgroundDrosophila melanogaster often shows correlations between latitude and phenotypic or genetic variation on different continents, which suggests local adaptation with respect to a heterogeneous environment. Previous phenotypic analyses of latitudinal clines have investigated mainly physiological, morphological, or life-history traits. Here, we studied latitudinal variation in sleep in D. melanogaster populations from North and Central America. In parallel, we used RNA-seq to identify interpopulation gene expression differences.ResultsWe found that in D. melanogaster the average nighttime sleep bout duration exhibits a latitudinal cline such that sleep bouts of equatorial populations are roughly twice as long as those of temperate populations. Interestingly, this pattern of latitudinal variation is not observed for any daytime measure of activity or sleep. We also found evidence for geographic variation for sunrise anticipation. Our RNA-seq experiment carried out on heads from a low and high latitude population identified a large number of gene expression differences, most of which were time dependent. Differentially expressed genes were enriched in circadian regulated genes and enriched in genes potentially under spatially varying selection.ConclusionOur results are consistent with a mechanistic and selective decoupling of nighttime and daytime activity. Furthermore, the present study suggests that natural selection plays a major role in generating transcriptomic variation associated with circadian behaviors. Finally, we identified genomic variants plausibly causally associated with the observed behavioral and transcriptomic variation

Seasonal cues induce phenotypic plasticity of Drosophila suzukii to enhance winter survival

Additional file 7: Table S6. Table of differentially expressed genes in bodies of winter morphs of D. suzukii relative to those of summer morphs. Fold change represents the ratio of expression levels of winter to summer morphs

A common genetic target for environmental and heritable influences on aggressiveness in Drosophila

Environmental and genetic factors can modulate aggressiveness, but the biological mechanisms underlying their influence are largely unknown. Social experience with conspecifics suppresses aggressiveness in both vertebrate and invertebrate species, including Drosophila. We searched for genes whose expression levels correlate with the influence of social experience on aggressiveness in Drosophila by performing microarray analysis of head tissue from socially isolated (aggressive) vs. socially experienced (nonaggressive) male flies. Among {approx}200 differentially expressed genes, only one was also present in a gene set previously identified by profiling Drosophila strains subjected to genetic selection for differences in aggressiveness [Dierick HA, Greenspan RJ (2006) Nat Genet 38:1023–1031]. This gene, Cyp6a20, encodes a cytochrome P450. Social experience increased Cyp6a20 expression and decreased aggressiveness in a reversible manner. In Cyp6a20 mutants, aggressiveness was increased in group-housed but not socially isolated flies. These data identify a common genetic target for environmental and heritable influences on aggressiveness. Cyp6a20 is expressed in a subset of nonneuronal support cells associated with pheromone-sensing olfactory sensilla, suggesting that social experience may influence aggressiveness by regulating pheromone sensitivity

A pioneer of yeast genetics in Croatia: Zoran Zgaga’s contribution to make national research acknowledged worldwide

This study is an attempt to evaluate the pathway and the achievements of yeast genetics in Croatia. The study represents both, an authors’ review and a historical overview and therefore is of value for yeast geneticists aswell as for historians of science

VPLIV NASTAJAJOČE MARTENZITNE FAZE NA ZNAČAJ MARTENZITNEGA FAZNEGA PREHODA

In the article, we discuss the influence of the locally perturbed order parameter in austenitic-martensitic phase transformation on the character of the phase transformation. We choose Landau type mean field approximation which covers the most important features of the proposed theoretical description.V članku obravnavamo vpliv lokalno spremenjenega ureditvenega parametra pri avstenitno-martenzitnem faznem prehodu na značaj takega faznega prehoda. Sistem modeliramo z metodo povprečnega polja Landau-ovega tipa, ki vsebuje najpomembnejše značilnosti tega teoretičnega opisa

Validation of Elmendorf Method for Testing Perforated Corrugated Cardboard

The Elmendorf method is a well-known test that provides valuable insight into the durability and lifespan characteristics of the observed material, i.e., paper or paperboard. The objective of this paper is to determine if it is possible to apply the Elmendorf test to perforated corrugated cardboard to measure tear resistance. An Instron tensile tester was used to obtain input data for a range of properties of perforated corrugated board and to validate the non-standard test technique. Correlation analysis was used to statistically verify and quantify the relationship between the results obtained by the two aforementioned methods. Specimens were cut from four different qualities of three-layer E-flute corrugated cardboards at five defined angles affected by five types of perforations. First, the graphical difference in Least Square mean values was analysed and the results were confirmed by correlation analysis. No significant difference in results between the two observed methods was determined, and the relationship was mostly interpreted as a high positive correlation. Therefore, the results obtained by the Elmendorf method can be used for a better understanding of the mechanical properties of perforated corrugated cardboard

Z naključnim neredom spodbujen postopni fazni prehod sistema z zveznim faznim prehodom, ki zlomi simetrijo

We study the influence of random anisotropy type quenched disorder on the phase behavior of the system, which exhibits in undistorted case the 2nd order continuous symmetry breaking phase transition. Invoking the central limit theorem we express the free energy of the system in terms of the order parameter η and the characteristic length ξ of the gauge field ϕ. The latter exhibits the Goldstone fluctuation mode and is consequently extremely susceptible to the imposed disorder. In case of negligible distribution width ΔT of the local transition temperatures the disorder converts the 2nd order transition into a discontinuous one for W<WC, where Wrepresents the disorder strength. Above the critical disorder strength WC the transition becomes gradual. However for the finite width ΔT the transition becomes gradual for any W>0. We demonstrate that for large enough values of ΔT the system behavior is dominated by the distribution of temperatures, while the details of the random field interaction term play a secondary role. The influence of distribution of local (quasi) phase transitions is in most theoretical approaches dealing with randomly perturbed systems neglected from the outset.Obravnavamo vpliv naključnega nereda na fazno obnašanje sistema, ki vsebuje v nemoteni fazi fazni prehod drugega reda. Z uporabo izreka o »centralni limiti« izrazimo prosto energijo sistema na podlagi ureditvenega parametra η in karakteristične dolžine ξ umeritvenega polja ϕ. Slednji se podreja Goldstone-ovimfluktuacijskim načinom in je izredno občutljiv na motnje. V primeru zanemarljive porazdelitve lokalnih temperatur faznega prehoda, nered pretvori fazni prehod drugega reda v nezvezni prehod za vrednosti W<WC, kjer je W jakost nereda. Nad kritično vrednostjo jakosti nereda WC postane prehod postopen. V primeru, ko imamo lokalno več različnih temperatur faznega prehoda – neko porazdelitev temperatur s širino ΔT, pa postane prehod postopen za vsako vrednost W>0. V članku pokažemo, da pri zadosti velikih vrednostih ΔT, fazno obnašanje določa porazdelitev temperatur, podrobnosti interakcij naključnega polja tukaj igrajo sekundarno vlogo