48 research outputs found
Am I My Peer's Keeper? Social Responsibility in Financial Decision Making
Decision makers often take risky decisions on the behalf of others rather than for themselves. Competing theoretical models predict both, higher as well as lower levels of risk aversion when taking risk for others, and the experimental evidence is mixed. In our within-subject design, money managers have substantial responsibility by taking investment decisions for themselves and for a group of six clients, when payments are either fixed or perfectly aligned. We find that money managers invest significantly less for others than for themselves (cautious shift) which is mainly driven by a less risk averse sub sample. Digging deeper we find money managers to rather act in line with what they believe the clients would invest for themselves. We derive a responsibility weighting function to show that with a perfectly aligned payment the money manager weights egoistic and social preferences. Finally we bring our results in perspective with the mixed experimental literature.Ein großer Teil risikoreicher, ökonomischer Entscheidungen wird von Dritten anstelle der Betroffenen getroffen. In solchen Fällen sagt die eine Klasse theoretischer Modelle geringere Risikoaversion voraus, eine andere Klasse aber höhere Risikoaversion im Vergleich zur Situation, bei der der Betroffene selbst die Entscheidung trifft. Die bisherigen empirischen Ergebnisse aus Laborexperimenten sind ebenso gemischt oder finden keine Unterschiede zwischen der Entscheidung für sich selbst oder für andere Personen. Wir verwenden ein 'within-subjects' für unser Experiment, bei dem Vermögensverwalter in unterschiedlichen Stufen für sich selbst, für eine Gruppe von Klienten, oder für sich selbst und eine Gruppe von Klienten Investitionsentscheidungen treffen. Wir erhöhen dabei die Soziale Verantwortung über die Größe der Gruppe von Investoren, um Verantwortungseffekte zu verstärken. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Risiko bei der Investition für andere signifikant geringer ist als bei der Investition für sich selbst. Dieses Aggregat-Ergebnis ist allerdings nur durch eine unterdurchschnittlich risikoaverse Subpopulation unserer Stichprobe getrieben. Eine genauere Analyse der Investitionsmotive zeigt, dass die Vermögensverwalter gemäß ihrer Erwartung der Klienten-Präferenzen handeln. Wir passen eine Nutzenfunktion mit Verantwortungs-Gewichten an und finden, dass die beobachtete Riskioaversion bei gemeinschaftlichen Investitionen durch egoistische und soziale Präferenzen erklärt werden kann. Abschließend stellen wir unsere Ergebnisse in den Kontext der bisherigen Literatur und versuchen die gemischten, bisherigen Ergebnisse aufgrund unserer Erkenntnisse zu erklären
Measuring the time stability of prospect theory preferences
Prospect Theory is widely regarded as the most promising descriptive model for decision making under uncertainty. Various tests have corroborated the validity of the characteristic fourfold pattern of risk attitudes implied by the combination of probability weighting and value transformation. But is it also safe to assume stable Prospect Theory preferences at the individual level? This is not only an empirical but also a conceptual question. Measuring the stability of preferences in a multi-parameter decision model such as Prospect Theory is far more complex than evaluating single-parameter models such as Expected Utility Theory under the assumption of constant relative risk aversion. There exist considerable interdependencies among parameters such that allegedly diverging parameter combinations could in fact produce very similar preference structures. In this paper, we provide a theoretic framework for measuring the (temporal) stability of Prospect Theory parameters. To illustrate our methodology, we further apply our approach to 86 subjects for whom we elicit Prospect Theory parameters twice, with a time lag of one month. While documenting remarkable stability of parameter estimates at the aggregate level, we find that a third of the subjects show significant instability across sessions
The Application of Multi-Attribute Utility Models to Some Uncertain Decision Situations in Areas of Business and Public Policy
Programa de implantación y desarrollo de la cirugía menor ambulatoria en atención primaria
IntroducciónA pesar de su priorización, la realización de la cirugía menor (CM) en atención primaria (AP) es deficitariaObjetivoCreación y evaluación de un programa de implantación y desarrollo de CM en AP adecuado a los problemas de nuestra área sanitariaDiseñoProspectivo, longitudinal y descriptivoEmplazamientoÁrea Sanitaria 19 (Servicio Valenciano de Salud): Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital de Elche y tres centros de Salud (CS) (Altabix, Crevillente y Santa Pola)ParticipantesMédicos de AP y médicos especialistas en cirugíaFasesSe establecieron las siguientes fases: a) selección de CS. Protocolización del tipo de paciente, patología, documentación y establecimiento de circuitos de trabajo; b) realización de sesiones quirúrgicas en los CSa cargo de dos cirujanos ayudados por médicos de AP («líderes quirúrgicos»), con instrumental quirúrgico de hospital, y c) realización de la cirugía por médicos de AP supervisados por un cirujano, con instrumental y circuito de esterilización en los CS. El programa finaliza con la autonomía quirúrgica del médico de AP y de los medios del CSResultadosSe han realizado 41 sesiones quirúrgicas (14 en Altabix, 14 en Crevillente y 13 en Santa Pola). Se intervino a 335pacientes, practicándose 398 procedimientos quirúrgicos (un 55,5% escisiones, un 34,9% electrocoagulación y un 9,6%, otras). No se presentó ninguna complicación inmediata.La evolución mensual del número de pacientes fue constante, con una media de 10,22 programaciones/sesión. Remitieron pacientes 36 médicos y de ellos 24 realizaron actividad quirúrgicaConclusionesSe consiguió un programa práctico y seguro de implantación y desarrollo de la CM en AP, con satisfacción tanto del médico como del pacienteIntroductionDespite the priority placed on it, minor surgery is not performed enough in primary care (PC)ObjectiveTo create and evaluate a programme to introduce and develop minor out-patient surgery in primary care in a waythat matches our health area's needsDesignProspective, longitudinal and descriptive studySettingHealth Area 19 (Valencian Health Service): Surgery Department of Elche Hospital and 3 health centres (HC) (Altabix, Crevillente and Santa Pola)ParticipantsPC doctors and specialist surgeonsStagesa) Selection of HC.Working out protocol of kind of patient, pathology, paperwork and establishment of work circuits; b) surgical sessions at the HC, performed by two surgeons assisted by PC doctors («surgical leaders») and with surgical instruments from the hospital; c) surgery performed by PC doctors supervised by a surgeon, withinstruments and the sterilisation circuit in the HC. The programme ends up with the PC doctor's surgical autonomy and with use of the HC's own resourcesResults41 surgical sessions took place (14 in Altabix, 14 in Crevillente and 13 in Santa Pola). 335 patients were operated on in 398surgical procedures (55.5% excisions, 34.9% electrocoagulation, 9.6% others). There were no immediate complications. The monthly evolution in the number of patients was constant, with a mean of 10.22 interventions per session. 36 doctors referred patients and 24 of them performed a surgical procedureConclusionsA practical and safe programme to introduce and develop minor surgery in PC, to the satisfaction of doctors and patient
