implications for joint remodeling in AS

Introduction In ankylosing spondylitis (AS), joint remodeling leading to joint ankylosis involves cartilage fusion. Here, we analyzed whether chondrocyte hypertrophy is involved in cartilage fusion and subsequent joint remodeling in AS. Methods We assessed the expression of chondrocyte hypertrophy markers runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), type X collagen (COL10), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), osteocalcin and beta-catenin and the expression of positive bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and negative regulators (dickkopf-1 (DKK-1)), sclerostin, (wingless inhibitory factor 1 (wif-1)) of chondrocyte hypertrophy in the cartilage of facet joints from patients with AS or osteoarthritis (OA) and from autopsy controls (CO) by immunohistochemistry. Sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 9 (Sox9) and type II collagen (COL2) expression was assessed as indicators of chondrocyte integrity and function. Results The percentage of hypertrophic chondrocytes expressing Runx2, COL10, MMP13, osteocalcin or beta-catenin was significantly increased in OA but not in AS joints compared to CO joints. Frequencies of sclerostin-positive and DKK-1-positive chondrocytes were similar in AS and CO. In contrast, wif-1- but also BMP-2- and BMP-7-expressing and Sox9-expressing chondrocytes were drastically reduced in AS joints compared to CO as well as OA joints whereas the percentage of COL2-expressing chondrocytes was significantly higher in AS joints compared to CO joints. Conclusions We found no evidence for chondrocyte hypertrophy within hyaline cartilage of AS joints even in the presence of reduced expression of the wnt inhibitor wif-1 suggesting that chondrocyte hypertrophy is not a predominant pathway involved in joint fusion and remodeling in AS. In contrast, the reduced expression of Sox9, BMP-2 and BMP-7 concomitantly with induced COL2 expression rather point to disturbed cartilage homeostasis promoting cartilage degeneration in AS

Competence identification in computer science teaching materials : a quantitative approach based on information retrieval

The development and preparation of teaching and learning materials are the daily chores of Computer Science (CS) teachers. The last few years have seen an increased interest in the development of valuable and competence oriented teaching. Possible Computer Science lesson contents and educational concepts have been widely studied. Towards a CS teaching culture,students’ competences are of particular importance. Therefore, this work uses competence descriptions to highlight the direct impact on everyday school life and implements a framework to apply a competence-oriented Text Mining (TM) and Information Retrieval (IR) process. To date, no study has explicitly looked at how IR and TM can be used to classify competence-oriented lesson content. Based on German Curricula, 5.100 CS materials are classified into the content- and process-orientation to generate automated competence estimations. Furthermore, a Difference Analysis compares CS materials with everyday language content

Digital nomadism as a new form of remote work for companies : a first evaluation of the business idea of a digital nomad platform

Digital nomadism, an enhanced form of remote work that combines work with travel and leisure, has become increasingly popular in the course of the COVID pandemic. With nearly twice as many digital nomads now permanently employed by companies (MBO Partners, 2021), it is important to examine how this work model affects employee performance and well-being. This master’s thesis hypothesizes that if digital nomadism has positive effects on employee performance and well-being, managers would be willing to integrate it into their companies. To support this integration, the author proposes a digital nomad platform. In the course of this master thesis, the business idea is subjected to a first evaluation. An online questionnaire was applied for empirical research, and data from 115 managers were collected and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings show that managers believe that digital nomadism can have a positive impact on employee well-being, which in turn would be a reason for them to adopt it. The findings also show that managers have doubts about whether the proposed digital nomad platform is useful enough. From the results, it can be concluded that there is a great deal of interest in the idea of introducing digital nomadism into corporate structures. However, the actual business idea of the digital nomad platform still needs to be further validated with the help of a prototype.O nomadismo digital, uma forma melhorada de trabalho remoto que combina trabalho com viagens e lazer, tornou-se cada vez mais popular no decurso da pandemia da COVID. Com quase o dobro dos nómadas digitais agora permanentemente empregados pelas empresas (MBO Partners, 2021), é importante examinar como este modelo de trabalho afeta o desempenho e bem-estar dos empregados. A tese de mestrado parte da hipótese de que se o nomadismo digital tiver efeitos positivos no desempenho e bem-estar dos empregados, os gestores estariam dispostos a integrá-lo nas suas empresas. Para apoiar esta integração, o autor propõe uma plataforma nómada digital. Esta ideia empresarial é submetida a uma primeira avaliação nesta tese de mestrado. Foi aplicado um questionário online para pesquisa empírica, e os dados de 115 gestores foram recolhidos e analisados utilizando modelos de equações estruturais. Os resultados mostram que os gestores acreditam que o nomadismo digital pode ter um impacto positivo no bem-estar dos empregados, o que, por sua vez, seria uma razão para a sua adoção. V Os resultados mostram também que os gestores têm dúvidas sobre se a plataforma nómada digital proposta é suficientemente útil. Dos resultados, pode concluir-se que existe um grande interesse na ideia de introduzir o nomadismo digital nas estruturas corporativas. Contudo, a atual ideia empresarial da plataforma digital nómada ainda precisa de ser mais validada com a ajuda de um protótipo

Green Infrastructure Planning in Germany and China: A comparative approach to green space policy and planning structure

Green Infrastructure (GI) provides an important life-support system for regions and cities. Inspired by, supported by or copied from nature, GI is intended to deal with issues that traditional grey infrastructure can hardly accomplish. Initiated by the European Union’s (EU) Biodiversity Strategy, Germany was an early adopter and thus a role model for the GI approach. In particular, a systematic GI planning system composed of formal and informal planning instruments has been established and implemented from the national to the local level. In comparison, China has not yet officially issued guidance or laws for GI planning. Instead, GI implementations are mainly concentrated at the urban and local scale in the form of green municipal engineering. Scrutinizing the spatial planning system in China, however, we can identify a top-down “5+1” model as a GI planning framework. This includes five types of statutory and non-statutory planning together with the garden city movement. Germany may benefit from China’s diversified and inclusive GI development model and its efforts to promote regional transformation and enhance citizens’ sense of pride in their city. On the other hand, China can learn from Germany’s integrated GI planning system and top-level design. Due to the cross-cutting nature of the issues involved, China’s national spatial planning system must be reformed in order to improve GI planning in the country. The aim of this paper is to compare GI planning in Germany and China, two countries at different developmental stages and with contrasting social and governmental systems. In so doing, we hope to build a “bridge” for the exchange of experiences

Cloud-based Digital Twin for Cognitive Robotics

The paper presents a novel cloud-based digital twin learning platform for teaching and training concepts of cognitive robotics. Instead of forcing interested learners or students to install a new operating system and bulky, fragile software onto their personal laptops just to solve tutorials or coding assignments of a single lecture on robotics, it would be beneficial to avoid technical setups and directly dive into the content of cognitive robotics. To achieve this, the authors utilize containerization technologies and Kubernetes to deploy and operate containerized applications, including robotics simulation environments and software collections based on the Robot operating System (ROS). The web-based Integrated Development Environment JupyterLab is integrated with RvizWeb and XPRA to provide real-time visualization of sensor data and robot behavior in a user-friendly environment for interacting with robotics software. The paper also discusses the application of the platform in teaching Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, Acquisition and Retrieval, and Task-Executives. The authors conclude that the proposed platform is a valuable tool for education and research in cognitive robotics, and that it has the potential to democratize access to these fields. The platform has already been successfully employed in various academic courses, demonstrating its effectiveness in fostering knowledge and skill development.Comment: 5 pages, IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON

Vielfältige Landschaften: Biodiversität, Ökosystemdienstleistungen und Lebensqualität: Tagungsband mit Kurzfassungen der Beiträge zur Jahrestagung der IALE-Region Deutschland: Dresden, 10.-12. Oktober 2013

Die Jahrestagung 2013 der deutschen Sektion der International Assiciation for Landscape Ecology (IALE) fand vom 10.-12.Oktober 2013 in Dresden statt. Motto der Tagung mit circa 70 Teilnehmern war "Vielfältige Landschaften: Biodiversität, Ökosystemdienstleistungen und Lebensqualität". Der Tagungsband entält die Kurzfassung der ca. 30 Tagungsbeiträge und 20 Poster.:FACHBEITRÄGE ANGELA LAUSCH, STEFFEN ZACHARIAS, ULRIKE WERBAN: Eignung der Fernerkundung zur Ableitung von räumlichen Vegetationsmustern als Funktion von Bodencharakteristik und Bodenfeuchte .................................................................. 7 JÜRGEN BREUSTE, AISA HENSEKE: Potenziale und Probleme der Anpassung an den Klimawandel durch Ökosystemdienstleistungen der Stadtvegetation – Das Beispiel Linz, Österreich ............................................................. 9 JULIANE MATHEY, STEFANIE RÖßLER: Ökosystemdienstleistungen von grünen Brachflächen in Städten – methodische Ansätze und planerische Umsetzung ............................................................................................................................... 11 PETER WERNER: Neue Herausforderungen für Biodiversitätsstrategien in Städten ......................................................... 12 DAGMAR HAASE: Urbane Ökosystemdienstleistungen in europäischen Städten – wo stehen wir? .................................. 13 GEORG SCHILLER, MICHAEL HOLFELD: Flächenbezogene Bewertung des potenziellen Bedarfs oberflächennaher Rohstoffe ......................................................................................................................................................................... 14 NEELE LARONDELLE, DAGMAR HAASE: Generische Landbedeckungs- und -nutzungsklassifikation zur Reduktion der Unsicherheit bei der Ableitung von Ökosystemfunktionen und -dienstleistungen: der Vergleich Berlin und New York City (NYC) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 15 NADJA KABISCH, DAGMAR HAASE: Gerecht verteilt? Urbane Grünflächen in Berlin. .......................................................... 16 LINDA HEUCHELE, GERD LUPP, CHRISTINA RENNER, WERNER KONOLD, DOMINIK SIEGRIST: Tourismusregionen als Modellregionen zur Entwicklung von Anpassungsstrategien im Kontext Biologische Vielfalt, Tourismus und Klimawandel – Das Beispiel Südschwarzwald ......................................................................................................................................... 17 ULRICH WALZ, ELISA MICHEL, RALF-UWE SYRBE: Biodiversität und Landschaftsstruktur – Arten und Landschaftsvielfalt ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 18 MICHAEL GLEMITZ, R. PLATEN, R. KRECHEL, J. KONRAD, F.WAGENER: Welche Beiträge können streifenförmige Energiegehölze zur biotischen Aufwertung von Arglandschaften liefern? – Ergebnisse aus dem Beispielsvorhaben Scheyern ........................................................................................................................................................................ 20 CHRISTIAN ALBERT, CHRISTOPH GÖRG: Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten für ein Nationales Ökosystem Assessment in Deutschland – Zwischenergebnisse einer Sondierungsstudie ................................................................................... 21 FRANZISKA NYCH, ECKEHARD-GUNTER WILHELM, SUSANNE WINTER: Vegetationsökologische Untersuchung von Waldrändern in Ostsachsen .......................................................................................................................................... 22 ECKEHARD-GUNTER WILHELM, FRANZISKA NYCH, SUSANNE WINTER: Zur Phytodiversität in Kurzumtriebsplantagen ... 24 SUSANNE FRANK, CHRISTINE FÜRST, KATRIN PIETZSCH: Bewertung forstlicher und landwirtschaftlicher Managementstrategien mit Fokus auf holzartige Biomasse .......................................................................................... 26 VIKTORIA MADER, DANIELA FIEDLER, KLAUS BIRKHOFER, VOLKMAR WOLTERS, EVA DIEHL: Einfluss von lokaler Bewirtschaftung und Landschaftskontext auf netzbauende Spinnen und deren Potenzial zur biologischen Schädlingskontrolle ...................................................................................................................................................... 27 PAUL SCHULZE, CLAUDIA SCHRÖDER, VERA LUTHARDT, JUTTA ZEITZ: Ein Entscheidungs-unterstützungssystem zur torferhaltenden Bewirtschaftung organischer Böden ................................................................................................... 28 SIMONE BEICHLER, SONJA DEPPISCH: Was leistet ihre Stadt heute, und morgen? – Partizipative Erhebung von kulturellen Ökosystemdienstleistungen in Rostock ...................................................................................................... 29 JÖRG PRIES: Die ÖDL-App – neue Smartphoneanwendung zur Erfassung von Ökosystemdienstleistungen ............... 31 KAROLINE BRANDT, MICHAEL GLEMNITZ, STEPHANIE KRÄMER: Der Einfluss der Umgebungsstruktur und des landwirtschaftlichen Managements auf das Vorkommen von Blütenbesuchern in der Agrarlandschaft? ...................... 32 FRANK ROSER: Modellierung einer landesweiten Planungsgrundlage für das Schutzgut Landschaftsbild in Baden-Württemberg ............................................................................................................................................................... 33 TILL HERMANNS, KATHARINA HELMING: Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung zukünftiger Land- und Wassermanagementstrategien ……................................................................................................................................................................................ 35 OLAF BASTIAN, RALF-UWE SYRBE: Mehrwert Natur Osterzgebirge - Werte und Leistungen ausgewählter Ökosysteme .. 37 RALF-UWE SYRBE, OLAF BASTIAN, KARSTEN GRUNEWALD: Ökosystemdienstleistungen und Energiewende – Leistungen von AgrarÖkosystemen im Landkreis Görlitz …............................................................................................................. 38 KARSTEN GRUNEWALD, OLAF BASTIAN, A. KOROSHEV: Bedeutung des Geosystem- und Landschafts-konzepts für die Erfassung und Bewertung von Ökosystemdienstleistungen. Review und Anwendungsperspektiven in Deutschland und Russland ..................................................................................................................................................................... 39 MARKUS LEIBENATH, PETER WIRTH: Widerspiegelung der Energiewende und ihrer Wirkungen auf die Landschaft anhand von Landesentwicklungsplänen in Sachsen ................................................................................................................ 40 JOCHEN A. G. JAEGER, CHRISTIAN SCHWICK, FELIX KIENAST: Ist die Zersiedelung Europas unvermeidbar? Von der Messung zur Vermeidung….......................................................................................................................................... 41 JOCHEN A. G. JAEGER, MEGAN DESLAURIERS,ADRIENNE ASGARY: Messung der Konnektivität städtischer Grünflächen als Indikator im City Biodiversity Index (CBI) …................................................................................................................. 43 MARTINA ARTMANN: Straßenverkehrslärm im Siedlungsbereich – Gemeinden entlang von Autobahnen im Spannungsfeld ökonomischer, ökologischer und sozialer Interessen ….............................................................................................. 45 FELIX MÜLLER, BENJAMIN BURKHARD: Ökosystemleistungen als integratives Konzept für das Landschaftsmanagement............................................................................................................................................ 46 POSTERBEITRÄGE KENNETH ANDERS, LARS FISCHER: Werbung für Ecosystem Services ........................................................................ 49 JANA GEVERS, MICHAEL GLEMNITZ, TOKE T. HǾYE, CHRIS J. TOPPING, BORIS SCHRÖDER: Biotische Effekte eines zunehmenden Maisanbaus in unterschiedlichen Landschaftstypen …........................................................................ 50 ANDREA FRÜH-MÜLLER, FRED JOPP, VOLKMAR WOLTERS: Analyzing soil- and water related ecosystem services in cultural landscapes ................................................................................................................................................................ 52 JAN THIELE, SASCHA BUCHHOLZ, JENS SCHIRMEL: Diversity of carabids, spiders and vascular plants in agricultural landscapes: at local and landscape scales in relation to connectivity of semi-natural habitat networks .................................................................................................................................................................................... 53 JOCHEN A. G. JAEGER, LUIS F. MADRIÑÁN, CHRISTIAN SCHWICK, TOMAS SOUKUP,FELIX KIENAST: Socio-economic drivers of landscape fragmentation in Europe ........................................................................................................................ 54 NAGHMEH NAZARNIA, CHRISTIAN SCHWICK, JOCHEN A. G. JAEGER: Comparison of the increase in urban sprawl in the metropolitan areas of Montréal, Québec, and Zurich: How do they differ, and why? ................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 UNDINÉ-CELESTE THOMPSON, JEAN-FRANÇOIS MARSAN, BASTIEN FOURNIERPEYRESBLANQUES,CHANTAL FORGUES, ANITA OGAA, JOCHEN A. G. JAEGER: Using Compliance Analysis for PPP to bridge the gap between SEA and EIA: Lessons from the Turcot Interchange reconstruction in Montréal ..................................................................................................... 58 ROGER KELLER: Bedeutung und Wahrnehmung kultureller Ökosystemleistungen in der Schweiz – Überprüfung der Anwendbarkeit des Konzepts der Ökosystemleistungen für die Biodiversitäts- und Landschaftspolitik........................................................................................................................................................ 59 RALF SAUERBREI, KLEMENS EKSCHMITT, VOLKMAR WOLTERS, THOMAS K. GOTTSCHALK Increased energy maize production reduces farmland bird diversity .................................................................................................................. 61 CHRISTIAN STEIN, ULRICH WALZ: Indicators of hemeroby for land use monitoring in Germany .................................. 62 ANNA BUGEY, UTA STEINHARDT, HEIDE STEPHANI-PESSEL: Abwasser auf neuen Wegen Zukunftsfähige Schmutzwasserentsorgung im ländlichen Raum am Beispiel einer Gemeinde in der Uckermark (Brandenburg) .......... 64 MILENA MARTINSEN, PATHRICK THUR, SVEN KNOTHE, RALF ULLRICH, CLAUDIA HENZE, UTA STEINHARDT: Klimaadaptierte Regionalplanung – Aber wie? ...................................................................................................................................... 66 JENNIFER NAGEL, UTA STEINHARDT: Nachhaltige Landwirtschaft planerisch steuern? ............................................... 68 UTA STEINHARDT, INKA SCHWAND: Entwicklung von Szenarien – ein Prozess mit Unsicherheiten, Expertenwissen und Zukunftsideen auf dem Weg zu einer nachhaltigen Landnutzung…............................................................................ 70 ANJA MÜLLER, BENJAMIN BURKHARD, FELIX MÜLLER: Anwendung eines Bewertungskonzeptes für Ökosystemleistungen am Beispiel der Darss-Zingster Boddenkette …............................................................................................................ 72 M. KANDZIORA, U. SCHLEUß, F. MÜLLER: Verwendung von Bodendaten zur Ableitung von Regulierungsleistungen im Bereich der Bornhöveder Seenkette ……...................................................................................................................... 73 ANNEGRET HAASE, DAGMAR HAASE, DIETER RINK: Der Einfluss städtischer Schrumpfung auf urbane Ökosystemdienstleitungen – Synergien und Konflikte ................................................................................................ 74 PEER VON DÖHREN, DAGMAR HAASE: Urban Ecosystem Disservices ........................................................................... 75 OLAF BASTIAN, RALF-UWE SYRBE, BIRGIT KOCHAN, SYLKE STUTZRIEMER: Mehrwert Natur Osterzgebirge: Ökosystemdienstleistungen erkennen, bewerten und kommunizieren ...................................................................... 76 ANDREAS TRÄNKNER: Positive Effekte eines unwirtlichen Lebensraumes – die Heideart Lycophotia porphyrea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in der Wanderdünenlandschaft auf Sylt...............................................................................77 MIKE HÖLZEL, MELANIE FORKER, CLAUDIA WALCZAK, MARITA ZIEVERINK: Erprobungs- und Entwicklungsvorhaben Grünlandverbund Oelsen (Osterzgebirge), Phase II ....................................................................................................7

Integrating ecosystem services into conservation strategies for freshwater and marine habitats: a review

Over the last two decades, there has been increasing public and political recognition of society's dependency upon natural habitat complexity and ecological processes to sustain provision of crucial ecosystem services, ranging from supplying potable water through to climate regulation. How has the ecosystem-services perspective been integrated into strategies for aquatic habitat conservation? Literature on conservation of diverse freshwater and marine habitats was reviewed to assess the extent to which past and current strategies specifically targeted ecosystem services, and considered ecosystem functions, potential trade-offs and social issues when formulating protection measures for conserving aquatic habitats. Surprisingly few published examples exist where comprehensive assessment of ecosystem services supported development of conservation plans. Seldom were aquatic habitat conservation objectives framed in terms of balancing trade-offs, assessing social values and evaluating suites of ecosystem services under different strategies. Time frames for achieving these objectives were also rarely specified. There was no evidence for fundamental differences between marine and freshwater habitats with respect to their ecosystem services that should be considered when setting targets for their conservation. When an ecosystem-service perspective is used for setting objectives in aquatic habitat conservation, the following actions are recommended: (1) explicitly listing and evaluating full suites of ecosystem services to be conserved; (2) identifying current and future potential trade-offs arising from conservation; (3) specifying time frames within which particular strategies might protect or enhance desired services; and (4) predicting how different proposed strategies might affect each ecosystem function, service flow and public benefit. This approach will help ensure that less-apparent ecosystem services (e.g. regulating, supporting) and their associated ecosystem functions receive adequate recognition and protection in aquatic conservation of freshwater and marine habitats. However, conservation objectives should not focus solely on protecting or enhancing ecosystem services but complement current strategies targeting biodiversity and other conservation goals.Peer Reviewe

De novo variants in KCNA3 cause developmental and epileptic encephalopathy

Objective: Variants in several potassium channel genes, including KCNA1 and KCNA2, cause Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies (DEEs). We investigated whether variants in KCNA3, another mammalian homologue of the Drosophila shaker family and encoding for Kv1.3 subunits, can cause DEE. Methods: Genetic analysis of study individuals was performed by routine exome or genome sequencing, usually of parent-offspring trios. Phenotyping was performed via a standard clinical questionnaire. Currents from wild-type and/or mutant Kv1.3 subunits were investigated by whole-cell patch-clamp upon their heterologous expression. Results: Fourteen individuals, each carrying a de novo heterozygous missense variant in KCNA3, were identified. Most (12/14; 86%) had DEE with marked speech delay with or without motor delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder. Functional analysis of Kv1.3 channels carrying each variant revealed heterogeneous functional changes, ranging from “pure” loss-of-function (LoF) effects due to faster inactivation kinetics, depolarized voltage-dependence of activation, slower activation kinetics, increased current inactivation, reduced or absent currents with or without dominant-negative effects, to “mixed” loss- and gain-of-function (GoF) effects. Compared to controls, Kv1.3 currents in lymphoblasts from 1 of the proband displayed functional changes similar to those observed upon heterologous expression of channels carrying the same variant. The antidepressant drug fluoxetine inhibited with similar potency the currents from wild-type and 1 of the Kv1.3 GoF variant. Interpretation: We describe a novel association of de novo missense variants in KCNA3 with a human DEE, and provide evidence that fluoxetine might represent a potential targeted treatment for individuals carrying variants with significant GoF effects. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:365–376

Enhanced Antitumor Immunity in Mice Deficient in CD69

We investigated the in vivo role of CD69 by analyzing the susceptibility of CD69−/− mice to tumors. CD69−/− mice challenged with MHC class I− tumors (RMA-S and RM-1) showed greatly reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The enhanced anti–tumor response was NK cell and T lymphocyte–mediated, and was due, at least in part, to an increase in local lymphocytes. Resistance of CD69−/− mice to MHC class I− tumor growth was also associated with increased production of the chemokine MCP-1, diminished TGF-β production, and decreased lymphocyte apoptosis. Moreover, the in vivo blockade of TGF-β in WT mice resulted in enhanced anti–tumor response. In addition, CD69 engagement induced NK and T cell production of TGF-β, directly linking CD69 signaling to TGF-β regulation. Furthermore, anti-CD69 antibody treatment in WT mice induced a specific down-regulation in CD69 expression that resulted in augmented anti–tumor response. These data unmask a novel role for CD69 as a negative regulator of anti–tumor responses and show the possibility of a novel approach for the therapy of tumors

Kulturtourismus im ländlichen Raum: Ergebnisse einer Besucher- und Einwohnerbefragung im Amtsbereich Lieberose / Oberspreewald (Brandenburg) im Corona-Jahr 2020

Dieser Bericht stellt die Ergebnisse einer Besucher- und Einwohnerbefragung vor, die im Zeitraum von August bis Oktober 2020 in der Lausitz / Brandenburg durchgeführt wurde. Das Ziel der Befragung bestand einerseits darin, ein besseres Verständnis zum Kulturtourismus in ländlichen Räumen zu entwickeln. Während Besucher in den Städten eher Formen der Hochkultur (Theater, Museen, Galerien) wahrnehmen, liegt das Augenmerk in ländlichen Räumen stärker auf der Populär- und Alltagskultur (Traditionen, Volksfeste, Kulturlandschaft, landwirtschaftliche und handwerkliche Produkte). Das südlich von Berlin in Brandenburg gelegene Untersuchungsgebiet erlebte im Corona-Jahr 2020 einen Besucheransturm. Trotz des zeitweiligen Lockdowns kam es insbesondere auf den Campingplätzen zu Rekordbesucherzahlen. Dabei reisten sowohl Besucher aus klassischen Quellgebieten wie Sachsen, Brandenburg und Berlin an, darüber hinaus aber auch Gäste aus den alten Bundesländern wie Bayern und Baden-Württemberg. Viele Touristen entdeckten 2020 dieses Gebiet zum ersten Mal. Typisch für die Besucher sind ein hoher bis sehr hoher Bildungsstand, qualifizierte Berufsabschlüsse sowie eine solide Einkommenssituation. Paare und Familien dominieren unter den Befragten. Die kulturellen Interessen der Besucher konzentrieren sich stark auf Restaurants/ Gastronomie, Stadt- und Dorfensemble, historische Stätten und Gebäude, Kulturerbestätten/-gebäude sowie Kulturrouten. Dieser Fokus der Besucher harmoniert recht gut mit den kulturellen Angeboten in der ländlichen Region. Die Mehrheit der Einwohner begrüßt den Tourismus im Gebiet. Die Anzahl der Besucher wird von den Einheimischen - selbst unter den Bedingungen einer hohen Auslastung 2020 - eher gelassen gesehen. Belästigungen durch Touristen empfinden nur 12%, eine Zunahme der Besucherzahl sehen nur 9% der Bewohner problematisch. Die meisten erwarten von einem ggf. verstärkten Tourismus in ihrer Gegend eher positive Effekte. Viele hoffen, dass sich dadurch kulturelle Angebote verbessern, alte Gebäude renoviert, Geh- und Radwege gebaut, Restaurants eröffnet werden sowie kleine Geschäfte überleben. Auch wird dem Tourismus tendenziell ein positiver Einfluss auf die Erhaltung lokaler Traditionen zugesprochen. Die Untersuchungen belegen auch, dass es im ländlichen Raum noch große ungenutzte kulturtouristische Potenziale gibt, die auf ihre Entfaltung warten. Dafür ist es notwendig, die Erfolgsfaktoren zu bestimmen und Strategien zu entwickeln. Auch nach dem Ende der Pandemie kann mit einer hohen Nachfrage im Binnentourismus zumindest in abgeschwächter Form gerechnet werden. Außerdem gibt es ein zunehmendes Bewusstsein für den Klimaschutz und die sich verstärkende individuelle Auseinandersetzung mit dem Phänomen "Massentourismus". Auch dadurch lässt sich die Abenteuerlust auf das "Exotische" in der Nähe erklären