Geopolitics of Natural Gas Supply in Europe - Poland Between the EU and Russia

The article analyses possible interests, attitudes and activities of the major actors in the ‘natural gas supply game’ in Europe after 1990: Russia/Gazprom, alternative suppliers like countries in the Caspian Sea area, the main consumers of gas and transit countries. It stresses that behaviour of the actors depends on the changing international political and economic situation and conditions in individual countries. Special attention is paid to pipeline projects: Nord Stream, South Stream and Nabucco, and reactions to them, such as building a LGN terminal at Świnoujście (Poland), North-South (Baltic-Adriatic) energy corridor and the Polish-Russian gas contract of 2010

Feminização da pobreza no Brasil

RESUMO: A presente discussão permeia a trajetória de pesquisa do Projeto de Iniciação Científica (2015/2016) intitulado de Feminização da Pobreza no Brasil. A discussão sobre a feminização da pobreza teve seu início em meados de 1980 nos Estados Unidos com Diane Pearce e posteriomente passou a ser discutida na América Latina, em especial no Brasil, por organismos governamentais. Por isso, como metodologia partimos da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, a partir de artigos e documentos elaboração por organismos nacionais e internacionais, como o Insituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA) e a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). Portanto, discutiu-se a categoria de gênero e pobreza, o significado de feminização da pobreza e as políticas sociais voltadas para o combate à desigualdade de gênero. Nota-se que o estudo da feminização da pobreza é um campo fértil de análises visto os desafios que as mulheres enfrentam diariamente acentuados quando se encontram na situação de pobreza

1 OS DESAFIOS DA AUTOGESTÃO EM UM EMPREENDIMENTO ECONÔMICO SOLIDÁRIO: O CASO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO DE RECICLADORES REI DO PET (ARREP) – PONTA GROSSA/PR

A Associação de Recicladores Rei do Pet (ARREP) localizada no município de Ponta Grossa/PR, desenvolve o trabalho associativo na perspectiva da Economia Solidária (ECOSOL), pautando princípios como: autogestão, solidariedade, respeito ao meio ambiente, entre outros. Portanto, busca-se discutir os desafios enfrentados ao longo dos anos pela associação, principalmente no que concerne a forma de organização da associação. Bem como explanar o surgimento da ARREP, considerando os aspectos históricos do seu surgimento, a saber: iniciativas tomadas para sua institucionalização, parcerias firmadas, característica dos associados, entre outras. Poderá se perceber que ECOSOL tem sido contribuidora nesse grupo não apenas no que tange a questão de geração de renda, mas, principalmente tem impactado no fortalecimento dos vínculos entre os associados, na capacidade de maior cooperação entre eles na vida para além do trabalho, na capacidade de ação e de participação nas discussões necessárias em busca de seus direitos, assim como, em maior autonomia, confiança e auto estima de cada um dos participantes

Environmentally driven orchestration of metabolisms by \u3ci\u3eProchlorococcus\u3c/i\u3e spp.

In the oligotrophic waters of the world’s open oceans physical factors such as pH, salinity, and temperature are generally stable. The nutrient limited conditions as well as the low environmental variability endemic to these ecosystems select for specialists that gain fitness advantages through minimalism, efficiency, and thrift. These physical characteristics are thought to reduce nutrient demand while allowing for constant metabolic activity and growth, but the mechanisms that promote these fitness advantages are currently unknown. To better understand how these physiologies improve selective fitness for the dominant phytoplankton, we observed metabolic parameters under environmental conditions typical to these waters. In an environment characterized by low physical variation, the cellular processes of our model organisms – the genomically streamlined phytoplankton Prochlorococcus spp. – follow the trends of their ultimate energy source: the predictable daily oscillations of solar energy. Through observations on metabolic biomarkers associated with carbon, energy, and nitrogen metabolism over diel photic cycles, we sought to gain insights into the coordination of these intersecting metabolisms as a function of the time of day. We found that although cellular carbon and energy stores vary over the photic period, incorporation of ammonium into glutamate can occur throughout the diel cycle. Efficiency and thrift in nitrogen metabolisms are thought to be under strong selective pressure as inorganic nitrogen is the growth limiting nutrient for Prochlorococcus in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. To develop a deeper understanding of metabolic processes utilized by nitrogen limited phytoplankton, we performed laboratory and field experiments, investigating metabolisms of nitrogen limited and nutrient replete pure cultures as well as the effect of a nitrogen pulse on metabolisms of natural populations in the North Pacific. Low rates of carbon fixation and flow of fixed carbon through large metabolic pools were observed in our nitrogen limited experiments and may suggest reduced growth under limiting conditions is not caused by lack of metabolic precursors, but through the polymerization of biological macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. These data provide primary observations of the metabolic balance of carbon, energy and nitrogen metabolisms in the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth

Pamięć narodów a geopolityka i ład światowy

The aim of the article is to discuss the formation of the memory of nations and the impact of this memory on international relations and global order. The discussion starts with the analysis of human memory as an issue in the field of neuroscience. The memory of nations, which is the main subject of considerations, is not the sum of the memories of individual people, but the analogies between the memory of individuals. The memory of nations are so strong that they justify presenting the phenomenon of the memory of individuals first. After discussing the issue of memory of individuals, the article presents the memory (and oblivion) of nations as a factor shaping the behavior of nations and states in the political sphere. The considerations in this fragment are a starting point for presenting the concept of memory nodes and (geo)politics. As a case study then there is an analysis of the Ukrainian memory node, which is crucial for the contemporary world order. The article ends with conclusions - an attempt to predict how the situation in and around Ukraine, including the world order, will develop in the coming years

Konsumenci wobec innowacyjnych produktów

Innovation is a very important factor in the companies’ and economy competitiveness. By in-troducing innovation management company formed and maintains relationships with customers, with innovative solutions tailored to customer needs shaping its positive image on the market. Consumers have a positive attitude to innovation but customer purchasing decisions depend on whether innovative product will meet their expectations. Consumers will not accept innovation if they do not know what benefits it provides, if its price will be too high or the innovative product would be too complicated. Therefore, companies should involve customers in the process of creating innovative products. This approach shows that the company counts with customer needs and trying to maximally adjust to his needs. However positive attitude towards innovation does not necessarily mean buying them, therefore, there are very important marketing and education efforts to customers in order to persuade them to buy. More inclined to purchase innovative products are young and better educated, who have more knowledge and skills in such products, which is why the success of innovation depends on its affordability for the broadest range of receiver dances.Istotnym czynnikiem konkurencyjności firm i gospodarki są innowacje. Jednak w ich tworzeniu uwzględnia się głównie aspekt ekonomiczny pomijając nierzadko aspekt społeczny. A to konsument odgrywa na rynku najważniejszą rolę i go kreuje kupując bądź nie określony produkt lub usługę. Poprzez wprowadzanie innowacji firma kształtuje i utrzymuje relacje z klientami, a także kreuje swój pozytywny wizerunek na rynku. Można stwierdzić, że konsumenci mają pozy-tywny stosunek do innowacji, jednak nie zaakceptują oni innowacji, jeżeli nie będą wiedzieć, jakie korzyści dostarcza nowy produkt, jeśli jego cena nie będzie adekwatna do oferowanych korzyści oraz będzie on zbyt skomplikowany. W celu minimalizacji nietrafionych innowacji wskazane jest, aby firmy włączały klientów w proces tworzenia innowacyjnych produktów. Takie podejście pokazuje, że firma liczy się z potrzebami klienta i stara się maksymalnie dostosować do jego potrzeb. Choć są produkty, w których innowacje są bardzo pożądane przez klientów (np. AGD, samochody, elektronika), to jest także grupa, w której innowacje nie są dobrze odbierane (np. produkty żywnościowe, w szczególności podstawowe artykuły spożywcze). Jednak pozytywny stosunek do innowacji niekoniecznie oznacza ich zakup, dlatego bardzo ważne są działania marke-tingowe i edukacyjne skierowane do klientów w celu przekonania ich do zakupu. Większą skłonność do zakupu innowacyjnych produktów mają osoby młode i lepiej wykształcone, które posiadają większą wiedzę i umiejętności w tym zakresie. &nbsp

Metamorfozy Europy w świetle teorii imperiów-cywilizacji

This article attempts to explain the history of Europe in the light of the concept of empires-civilizations which shape world history. They have three dimensions: cultural, material and political, and life cycles called here dynamics. It consists of the phases of emergence, expansion, crisis and decline. The decline of empires-civilizations usually concerned the political dimension, leaving elements of cultural and material legacy and memory, which then acted as a substrate from which new empires could grow. The metamorphoses of Europe are an example of such growth of new empires-civilizations out of the "old soil". In the history of Europe there have been successive empirescivilizations: 1) Rome, 2) the Christian empire (Civitas Dei), 3) modern Europe as a civilization of empires, 4) post-imperial Europe-condominium, and 5) post-Cold War Europe searching for identity and place among the world civilizations

Dominika Studzińska, zmiana roli i charakteru granicy polsko-rosyjskiej a uwarunkowania rozwoju polskiej strefy przygranicznej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 2021, 270 s.

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