Las políticas antimonopolio y la promoción de la competencia en el Perú

This article provides an assessment of the trade-offs and challenges that antitrust authorities currently face in Peru. It examines the extent to which the structural reforms have succeeded in removing entry barriers and reducing the likelihood of collusion. It also examines the institutional structures of antitrust enforcement. The argument is that reforms have led to higher levels of investment and entry, creating a more competitive environment. Yet, macroeconomic stabilization has opened new avenues for collusion, enhancing the threat of retaliation among oligopolists as a result of increased price visibility and lower discount factors. Deregulation and trade liberalization have led to more contestable markets and potential competition is more effective now in disciplining the incumbent firms. But the scope of this mechanism is limited, by definition, to markets for tradeables. On the other hand, with a strong presidential system, a weak judiciary, and limited checks and balances, the antitrust agency appears to be vulnerable to “capture” from interest groups. Furthermore, both the conception that inspires antitrust and the legislation itself show some flaws, such as the refusal to adopt a merger policy, a limited focus on procedural aspects that leaves efficiency concerns aside and a groundless hostility against welfare-enhancing forms of inter-firm cooperation. This argument is illustrated with a brief assessment of the jurisprudence that has emerged during the first three years of antitrust enforcement. The article concludes with some proposals that could increase the effectiveness of competition policies in Perú.

Hidrogeología e hidrodinámica del acuífero de los manantiales de Gormaz y su importancia en el caudal base del río Duero, España = Hydrogeology and hydrodynamic of the Gormaz Springs Aquifer and its importance to the base flow of the Duero River, Spain

Se cuantifican las descargas subterráneas de un acuífero a un río que lo atraviesa utilizando correlaciones estadísticas. El río Duero, España, incrementa su caudal base en varios m3/s, al atravesar unos afloramientos carbonatados mesozoicos en un pequeño tramo de su cabecera; esto es de especial importancia en época de estiaje, cuando la mayor parte del caudal base del río procede de manantiales que allí se sitúan. Dichos afloramientos corresponden a uno de los dos acuíferos calcáreos confinados, que se desarrollan en paralelo y están hidráulicamente desconectados por una capa impermeable, que forman el sistema acuífero de los manantiales de Gormaz. Este sistema se encuentra en estado de régimen natural y está apenas explotado. Se define el modelo conceptual de funcionamiento hidrogeológico, considerando el papel hidrogeológico de la falla de Gormaz, situada en la zona de descarga del sistema. Analizando información geológica antecedente y la geofísica exploratoria realizada, se obtuvo un mejor conocimiento de la geometría y los límites de los acuíferos, definiéndose un sistema acuífero con una zona de recarga en el sur, correspondiente a los afloramientos calcáreos, los cuales se confinan hacia el norte bajo el Terciario, hasta intersecar con la falla normal de Gormaz. El salto de falla genera una barrera para las formaciones permeables situadas al extremo norte (margen derecha del río Duero); a su vez, el plano de falla facilita el ascenso del agua subterránea del sistema acuífero en estudio y pone en conexión hidráulica los dos acuíferos. Se estimaron, además, los parámetros hidráulicos de los acuíferos en los alrededores de la falla. La buena correlación entre los niveles piezométricos y las descargas subterráneas al río Duero han permitido la reconstrucción del hidrograma de los manantiales de Gormaz en el periodo 1992-2006. Se calcula así que la contribución subterránea al río Duero es de 135.9 hm3/año, que supone el 18.9% de la aportación total del río. In a short stretch of its headwaters, the base flow of the River Duero increases by several m3/s as it traverses some Mesozoic carbonate outcrops. This is of special importance during the dry season, when the majority of the base flow of the river proceeds from springs in this reach. The outcrops correspond to one of two confined calcareous aquifers that developed in parallel but which are not hydraulically connected because of an impermeable layer. Together, they constitute the aquifer system of the Gormaz Springs. The system is still in its natural regime and is hardly exploited. This study defines the conceptual model of hydrogeological functioning, taking into consideration the role of the Gormaz Fault, which is situated in the discharge zone of the system. Analysis of both antecedent geological information and geophysical explorations has led to a better understanding of the geometry and boundaries of the aquifers, defining an aquifer system with a recharge zone in the south corresponding to in the calcareous outcrops. These calcareous outcrops are confined to the north below Tertiary formations, as far as their intersection with the normal fault of Gormaz. The throw of the fault forms the barrier of the permeable formations situated in the extreme north (right bank of the River Duero). In turn, the fault plane facilitates the upflow of groundwater from the aquifer system and creates hydraulic connection between the two aquifers. In addition, the study estimated the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer around the fault. The close correlation between piezometric levels and the groundwater discharges to the River Duero has enabled the reconstruction of the hydrogram of Gormaz springs over the period 1992-2006. By this means, it is calculated that the groundwater contribution to the River Duero is 135.9 hm3/year, or 18.9% of the total river inflow

Teaching innovation in Engineering: a students and teachers´ learning integration programme

Este trabajo presenta una experiencia de innovación docente cuyo objetivo es mejorar el aprendizaje de alumnos y profesores de ingeniería (Universidad de Sevilla, España). La innovación ofrece a los alumnos una visión realista, profesional y actualizada de los contenidos, permitiéndoles el contacto directo con la problemática del conocimiento y la competencia propios de una materia, usando instalaciones y recursos de un laboratorio de investigación de alto nivel tecnológico. Es un estudio de caso de investigación evaluativa, utilizando metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa. Los resultados indican mejora en los procesos de aprendizaje de los alumnos y su alta satisfacción, señalando también las dificultades encontradas; los profesores, reconocen el proceso de innovación como estrategia para aprender a enseñar y generar mejoras del programa.This paper presents an experience in teaching innovation whose goal is to improve learning in engineering students and teachers (University of Seville, Spain). This innovation offers students a realistic, professional and updated vision of the contents, allowing them a direct contact with the problems posed by the knowledge and competence inherent to a subject, using facilities and resources at a high-tech research laboratory. It is an assessment-research case study that uses quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The results show improvement in the students’ learning processes as well as their high satisfaction; it also highlights the difficulties found. The teachers acknowledge this innovation process as a strategy to learn to teach and create improvements for the program

Crisis internacional. Impactos y respuestas de política económica en el Perú.

crisis económica internacional; política económica; Peru

Unique real‐variable expressions of displacement and traction fundamental solutions covering all transversely isotropic elastic materials for 3D BEM

A general, efficient and robust boundary element method (BEM) formulation for the numerical solution of 9 three-dimensional linear elastic problems in transversely isotropic solids is developed in the present work. The BEM formulation is based on the closed-form real-variable expressions of the fundamental solution 11 in displacements Uik and in tractions Tik , originated by a unit point force, valid for any combination of material properties and for any orientation of the radius vector between the source and field points. 13 A compact expression of this kind for Uik was introduced by Ting and Lee (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 1997; 50:407–426) in terms of the Stroh eigenvalues on the oblique plane normal to the radius vector. 15 Working from this expression of Uik , and after a revision of their final formula, a new approach (based on the application of the rotational symmetry of the material) for deducing the derivative kernel Uik, j 17 and the corresponding stress kernel i jk and traction kernel Tik has been developed in the present work. These expressions of Uik , Uik, j , i jk and Tik do not suffer from the difficulties of some previous 19 expressions, obtained by other authors in different ways, with complex-valued functions appearing for some combinations of material parameters and/or with division by zero for the radius vector at the 21 rotational-symmetry axis. The expressions of Uik , Uik, j , i jk and Tik have been presented in a form suitable for an efficient computational implementation. The correctness of these expressions and of their 23 implementation in a three-dimensional collocational BEM code has been tested numerically by solving problems with known analytical solutions for different classes of transversely isotropic materialsJunta de Andalucía TEP 1207Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia TRA2005-0676

Estudio de despegues entre fibra y matriz en un composite con un grupo de fibras

X CONGRESO NACIONAL DE MATERIALES COMPUESTOS. Celebrado en Algeciras los días 2, 3, 4 y 5 de julio de 2013Se presenta un estudio numérico de la iniciación y crecimiento de despegues a lo largo de las interfases fibra-matriz en un composite con grupo de fibras bajo la acción de cargas transversales biaxiales. Los resultados presentados amplian los resultados obtenidos por los autores en trabajos previos, donde se estudió el problema de una fibra aislada. En este trabajo, se considera un modelo simplificado pero representativo de una lámina unidireccional, con diez fibras inmersas en una matriz continua. Los objetivos son predecir las cargas de fallo (cargas críticas) para un pequeño grupo de fibras y verificar el carácter inestable en el crecimiento de los despegues.Junta de Andalucía TEP 02045Junta de Andalucía P08-TEP 04051Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia MAT2009 - 140022Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad MAT2012-3738

Opciones de política económica en el Perú 2011-2015

Este trabajo forma parte de un conjunto de propuestas de política económica en diferentes sectores elaboradas por profesores del Departamento de Economía. Estas propuestas fueron elaboradas de cara al proceso electoral del 2011.desarrollo

Recent developments in the evaluation of the 3D fundamental solution and its derivatives for transversely isotropic elastic materials

Explicit closed-form real-variable expressions of a fundamental solution and its derivatives for three-dimensional problems in transversely linear elastic isotropic solids are presented. The expressions of the fundamental solution in displacements Uik and its derivatives, originated by a unit point force, are valid for any combination of material properties and for any orientation of the radius vector between the source and field points. An expression of Uik in terms of the Stroh eigenvalues on the oblique plane normal to the radius vector is used as starting point. Working from this expression of Uik, a new approach (based on the application of the rotational symmetry of the material) for deducing the first and second order derivative kernels, Uik,j and Uik,jℓ respectively, has been developed. The expressions of the fundamental solution and its derivatives do not suffer from the difficulties of some previous expressions, obtained by other authors in different ways, with complex valued functions appearing for some combinations of material parameters and/or with division by zero for the radius vector at the rotational symmetry axis. The expressions of Uik, Uik,j and Uik,jℓ are presented in a form suitable for an efficient computational implementation in BEM codes.Junta de Andalucía TEP-1207Junta de Andalucía TEP-2045Junta de Andalucía TEP-4051Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación TRA2006-08077Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación MAT2009-1402