Effect of the one-child policy on influenza transmission in China: a stochastic transmission model

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Exterior characteristics and coat colour marker of MC1R gene in Bali Crossbred cattle

Crossbreeding between Bali cattle with exotic bulls (such as Simmental and Limousin) has been widely developed in several regions in Indonesia. This study aims to determine changes in exterior characteristics and differences in vital statistics of Bali cattle and their crosses in West Lombok Regen-cy. A total of 91 female cattle aged 1 to 5 years were sampled, consisting of 5 Bali cattle (100%Bali), 54 F1 (50%Bali), 21 G2 (75%Bali/25%Bali), and 11 G3 (12.5%Bali) cattle. Qualitative (color and shape) and quantitative cattle data (vital statistics) were collected through observation and measure-ment. Identification of Bali crossbred cattle genotypes that have different color patterns using molecu-lar markers of the MC1R gene with forward primer MC1R: 5'-GGTGAGTCTCGTGGAGAACG-3' and reverse primer MC1R: 5'-CGTAGAAGATGGAGATGTAGCG-3', at a target DNA sequence size of 308 bp. The dominant color results of Bali cattle showed brick red (60%) and brown (20%), and there was a dark brown and black color change of up to 100% in the crosses. DNA-pool sequencing of 14 samples indicated individual sequence differences, indicated by overlapping nucleotide arrays after the 174 sequence. Furthermore, sequencing of different color representatives from 12 individual sam-ples shows 4 SNPs, namely g.64C>T, g.147C>T, g.159C>T, dan g.235A>C in Bali crossbred cattle. The measurement of chest circumference of Bali cattle, crossbred F1, G2, and G3 aged 3 to 5 years were 151.80±9.60cm, 175.69±12.63 cm, 175.50±11.04cm, and 173.17±15.06cm, respectively.The re-sult indicate the significant differences of body measurement ((P<0.01). In conclusion, the F1 (50%Bali) crossbred produced superior performance. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) can be used as a genetic marker for colour pattern the dark brown-black in crossbred Bali cattle. However, the com-prehenshive study in the future is still needed in the future for cattle crossbred Bali cattle at different generation

Vitamin D3 supplementation reduced Staphylococcus aureus colonization in the skin of pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disorder resulting in malfunctioning of the skin barrier and immune system that facilitate the growth of various microorganisms. Several studies reported that there was a significant reduction of vitamin D and cathelicidin levels in AD patients. It was also reported that the administration of vitamin D in AD patients sharply increased cathelicidin level that can be advantageous as a skin defense against microbial infection. In this study the supplementation of vitamin D3 was administered to AD pediatric patients and the ability of Vitamin D3 to reduce infections in AD patients was measured by observing Staphylococcus aureus colonization. A double-blind randomized experimental study was carried out after appropriate sampling on 20 AD patients who came for treatment in Dermatopediatric Division of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya and met the criteria for inclusion. A supplementation of vitamin D3 syrup was used in the experimental group, and a placebo syrup was used in the control group. Lesional skin swabs were taken before and after 28 days supplementation of vitamin D3. There was significant reduction of the Staphylococcus aureus colonization after vitamin D3 administration while there was no significant difference in the number of Staphylococcus aureus colonies after placebo administration. The statistic analysis of the two groups confirmed that there was a significant difference in the percentage of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in the vitamin D3 group compared to placebo. The supplementation of vitamin D3 decreased Staphylococcus aureus colonization in AD children, without significant side effects

Avian Influenza H5N1 Transmission in Households, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Disease transmission patterns are needed to inform public health interventions, but remain largely unknown for avian influenza H5N1 virus infections. A recent study on the 139 outbreaks detected in Indonesia between 2005 and 2009 found that the type of exposure to sources of H5N1 virus for both the index case and their household members impacted the risk of additional cases in the household. This study describes the disease transmission patterns in those outbreak households. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We compared cases (n = 177) and contacts (n = 496) in the 113 sporadic and 26 cluster outbreaks detected between July 2005 and July 2009 to estimate attack rates and disease intervals. We used final size household models to fit transmission parameters to data on household size, cases and blood-related household contacts to assess the relative contribution of zoonotic and human-to-human transmission of the virus, as well as the reproduction number for human virus transmission. The overall household attack rate was 18.3% and secondary attack rate was 5.5%. Secondary attack rate remained stable as household size increased. The mean interval between onset of subsequent cases in outbreaks was 5.6 days. The transmission model found that human transmission was very rare, with a reproduction number between 0.1 and 0.25, and the upper confidence bounds below 0.4. Transmission model fit was best when the denominator population was restricted to blood-related household contacts of index cases. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The study only found strong support for human transmission of the virus when a single large cluster was included in the transmission model. The reproduction number was well below the threshold for sustained transmission. This study provides baseline information on the transmission dynamics for the current zoonotic virus and can be used to detect and define signatures of a virus with increasing capacity for human-to-human transmission

Game Edukasi Mengenal Kepulauan Indonesia Menggunakan Unity 3d untuk Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Siswa Sekolah Dasar

&nbsp; The very rapid development of technology, especially in learning educational games, has an impact in the world of education in utilizing educational games during the pandemic which reduces mobility in face-to-face learning in the pandemic era. The purpose of this research is to develop more modern and innovative learning media to increase interest in learning and make it easier to understand the Indonesian archipelago. And as an alternative learning media that is easy to understand and learn by elementary school students because in this modern era all of them have used effective learning methods such as educational games. To make games using Unity 3D 2019 software as game support software and the method used in this research is the Research and Development (R&amp;D) research method to produce certain products and test their effectiveness, which can be useful for learning about the Indonesian archipelago for elementary school students. From the results of research data on educational games about the Indonesian archipelago, it can be seen that this educational game about the Indonesian archipelago gets an average score of 82.7% for the respondents in the very good category. Thus it can be said that educational games about the Indonesian archipelago can increase interest in learning in elementary school students

Genome-wide identification of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) chitinases and their response to Ganoderma boninense Pat. infection

Abstract The basal stem rot disease caused by Ganoderma boninense Pat. is a serious problem in oil palm plantation. Naturally, plant cells produce chitinases to protect themselves from chitin-containing parasites, particularly fungi. This study employed the advance of sequencing technology and availability of oil palm genomic and transcriptomic data to identify all chitinases in oil palm genome. Homology study using the combination of BLAST and HMM methods successfully identified 35 chitinases in oil palm which comprised of 22 GH18 and 13 GH19 family members. A multiple sequence alignment method classified those chitinases into class I, II, III, IV, V, VII and an unknown class. Chitinase domains analysis against PFAM databases showed more than half of chitinases possess partial domains of GH 18 or GH 19 in their sequences. Transcriptome analysis revealed that most of GH 18 family members were expressed specifically in roots under G. boninense infection treatment. Differently, most of GH 19 members were expressed constitutively in any tissues and under biotic stress conditions. This suggests that some GH 18 members might play an important role during host defence mechanism</jats:p