‘Gallant Dialogue’ in Catherine’s II Memoirs

The article was submitted on 17.05.2016.Дан анализ мемуаров Екатерины II и «галантного диалога» как авторской стратегии императрицы, провозглашающей себя просвещенной государыней и выбирающей для этого особые способы воздействия на читателей. Под «галантным диалогом» во французской литературе и французском искусстве преимущественно XVII–XVIII вв., разрабатываемым французскими исследователями категории галантности (А. Виала, Д. Дени, К. Казанав), понимается не только особый тип эстетики, поэтики или стилистики писателя, но способ конструирования образов автора и читателя и авторская стратегия реализации просветительской доктрины Екатерины II. Поскольку мемуары Екатерины II отличаются от остальных ее произведений тем, что писались для себя, то и «галантный диалог» автор ведет прежде всего с самим собой. Следствием этого становится двойственное повествование мемуаров, в которых одновременно воссоздаются театральный и романный хронотоп. Театральный хронотоп выражается в трехчастном вертикальном расположении образов повествования – великой княгини Екатерины Алексеевны, императрицы Елизаветы Петровны, великого князя Петра Федоровича, в смеховых приемах их изображения, в моральном выводе, присущем жанру драматической пословицы, в смене масок героем-повествователем. Причиной подобного расположения персонажей становятся галантная норма и правила поведения при дворе, ею создаваемые, – так называемая «наука любви». Романный хронотоп представлен поэтапным личностным становлением героини, обучающейся через общение со своим окружением мирно жить в семье-дворце; умением через жизнерадостный смех возвышаться над нелепостями жизни; остраненным и незаинтересованным рассказом о важных жизненных обстоятельствах, таких как рождение наследника престола и путь к власти; акцентированием внимания на личных взаимоотношениях как наиболее ценимых в галантном повествовании; стремлением героини к счастью, заключающемуся в любви ближних.This article analyses ‘gallant dialogue’ in the memoirs of Catherine II as a special narrative strategy employed by the empress to represent herself as an enlightened monarch and make an impact on the reader. In the French literature and art of the 17th and 18th centuries, the notion of ‘gallant dialogue’ was developed by scholars like A. Viala, D. Denis, and C. Cazanave. It was not only understood as a special type of aesthetics, poetics, or stylistics, but also as a means to construct images of the writer and reader. Due to the fact that Catherine II’s memoirs are different from all her other works (as she was writing them for herself), it is mostly herself that she addresses in the ‘gallant dialogue’. Consequently, the memoirs’ narrative acquires a dual character, having features of both the theatrical and novel chronotope. The theatrical chronotope is characterised by a three-part vertical arrangement of the images in the narrative. The reason for such a hierarchy is the norms of gallantry and ethics of behaviour at the court, the so-called ‘science of love’. In its turn, the novel chronotope is represented by a gradual personal development of the heroine as she learns how to live peacefully with her palace family and laugh merrily at the absurdities of life and rise above them

Ruthenium-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition reaction: scope, mechanism and applications

The ruthenium-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (RuAAC) affords 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in one step and complements the more established copper-catalyzed reaction providing the 1,4-isomer. The RuAAC reaction has quickly found its way into the organic chemistry toolbox and found applications in many different areas, such as medicinal chemistry, polymer synthesis, organocatalysis, supramolecular chemistry, and the construction of electronic devices. This Review discusses the mechanism, scope, and applications of the RuAAC reaction, covering the literature from the last 10 years

Properties of the "Orgamax" osteoplastic material made of a demineralized allograft bone

We investigated properties of the “Orgamax” osteoplastic material, which was produced from a demineralized bone, in the treatment of extensive caries, in particular chronic pulpitis of the permanent teeth with unformed roots in children. The “Orgamax” osteoplastic material consists of demineralized bone chips, a collagen additive, and antibiotics. The surface morphology of the “Orgamax” osteoplastic materialis macroporous, with the maximum pore size of 250 [mu]m, whereas the surface morphology of the major component of “Orgamax”, demineralized bone chips, is microporous, with a pore size of 10-20 [mu]m. Material “Orgamax” is used in the treatment of complicated caries, particularly chronic pulpitis of permanent teeth with unformed roots in children. “Orgamax” filling a formed cavity exhibits antimicrobial properties, eliminates inflammation in the dental pulp, and, due to its osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties, undergoes gradual resorption, stimulates regeneration, and provides replacement of the defect with newly formed tissue. The dental pulp viability is completely restored, which ensures the complete formation of tooth roots with root apex closure in the long-term period

Gene-x-environment analysis supports protective effects of eveningness chronotype on self-reported and actigraphy-derived sleep duration among those who always work night shifts in the UK Biobank

Previous research has linked having an eveningness chronotype with a higher tolerance for night shift work, suggesting the ability to work nights without health consequences may partially depend upon having a circadian clock optimized for these times. As chronotypes entrain over time to environmental cues, it remains unclear whether higher relative eveningness among healthy night workers reflects a moderating or mediating effect of chronotype on health. We address these concerns conducting a genome-wide association study and utilizing a polygenic score (PGS) for eveningness as a time-invariant measure of chronotype. On a sample of 53 211 workers in the UK Biobank (2006–2018), we focus on the effects of night shift work on sleep duration, a channel through which night shift work adversely affects health. We ask whether a higher predisposition toward eveningness promotes night shift work tolerance. Results indicate that regular night shift work is associated with a 13-minute (3.5%) reduction in self-reported sleep per night relative to those who never work these hours (95% confidence interval [CI] = −17:01, −8:36). We find that eveningness has a strong protective effect on night workers: a one-SD increase in the PGS is associated with a 4-minute (28%) reduction in the night shift work sleep penalty per night (CI = 0:10, 7:04). This protective effect is pronounced for those working the longest hours. Consistent patterns are observed with an actigraphy-derived measure of sleep duration. These findings indicate that solutions to health consequences of night shift work should take individual differences in chronotype into account.</p

The total effect of social origins on educational attainment: meta-analysis of sibling correlations from 18 countries

The sibling correlation (SC), which estimates the total effect of family background (i.e., social origins), can be interpreted as measuring a society's inequality of opportunity. Its sensitivity to observed and unobserved factors makes the SC an all-encompassing measure and an attractive choice for comparative research. We gather and summarize all available estimates of SCs in educational attainment (M = .46, SD = .09) and employ meta-regression to explore variability in these estimates. First, we find significantly lower SCs in Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark than in the United States, with U.S. correlations roughly .10 (i.e., 25%) higher. Most other (primarily European) countries in our study are estimated to fall in between these countries and the United States. Second, we find a novel Great Gatsby Curve–type positive association between income inequality in childhood and the SC, both cross-nationally and within countries over time. This finding supports theoretical accounts of the Great Gatsby Curve that emphasize the role of educational inequality as a link between economic inequality and social immobility. It implies that greater equality of educational opportunity likely requires reduced economic inequality. Additionally, correlations between sisters are modestly higher, on average, than those between brothers or all siblings, and we find no overall differences between cohorts

Prepayment meters strongly associated with multiple types of deprivation and emergency respiratory hospital admissions: an observational, cross-sectional study

Background: Prepayment meters (PPMs) require energy to be paid in advance. Action groups and media contend that PPMs are concentrated in the most vulnerable groups, prone to run out of credit and experience financial burden. This led to forced installation for those over age 85 being banned in April 2023 and a ‘prepayment premium’ scrapped in July 2023. Yet, we lack empirical evidence of which groups PPMs are concentrated. This ecological study examines the extent to which PPMs are associated with multiple measures of structural social, economic and health deprivation to establish evidence-based policy. Methods: Combining multiple regional data and census estimates at the Lower Layer Super Output Area and the Middle Layer Super Output Area level from England and Wales, we use Spearman’s rank correlation, Pearson correlation and multivariate linear regression to empirically establish associations between PPMs and multiple types of deprivation. Results: Higher PPM prevalence is strongly associated with: lower income, receipt of employment benefits, ethnic minorities, lower education and higher health deprivation. Higher PPM prevalence is strongly associated with higher income deprivation affecting children, the elderly and social rental properties. PPMs are significantly associated with emergency hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in England, even after controlling for confounders (coefficient=1.81; 95% CI 1.51 to 2.11). Conclusions: We found empirical evidence that PPM users are concentrated among the population who already experience multiple disadvantages. Furthermore, PPM concentrated areas are associated with higher emergency hospital admissions for respiratory diseases

Системный анализ процесса затвердевания литых заготовок разной массы и назначения

Выявлены особенности пространственно-временной эволюции температурных полей в процессе затвердевания разных заготовок (слитков и отливок) для повышения их качества.Виявлено особливості просторово-часової еволюції температурних полів в процесі тверднення різних заготовок (зливків та виливків) для підвищення їх якості.It is revealed the peculiarities of distance-time evolution of the temperature fields in solidification process different billets (ingots and casts) for raise them quality