Mathematical Estimation of Logical Masking Capability of Majority/Minority Gates Used in Nanoelectronic Circuits

In nanoelectronic circuit synthesis, the majority gate and the inverter form the basic combinational logic primitives. This paper deduces the mathematical formulae to estimate the logical masking capability of majority gates, which are used extensively in nanoelectronic digital circuit synthesis. The mathematical formulae derived to evaluate the logical masking capability of majority gates holds well for minority gates, and a comparison with the logical masking capability of conventional gates such as NOT, AND/NAND, OR/NOR, and XOR/XNOR is provided. It is inferred from this research work that the logical masking capability of majority/minority gates is similar to that of XOR/XNOR gates, and with an increase of fan-in the logical masking capability of majority/minority gates also increases

Redundant Logic Insertion and Fault Tolerance Improvement in Combinational Circuits

This paper presents a novel method to identify and insert redundant logic into a combinational circuit to improve its fault tolerance without having to replicate the entire circuit as is the case with conventional redundancy techniques. In this context, it is discussed how to estimate the fault masking capability of a combinational circuit using the truth-cum-fault enumeration table, and then it is shown how to identify the logic that can introduced to add redundancy into the original circuit without affecting its native functionality and with the aim of improving its fault tolerance though this would involve some trade-off in the design metrics. However, care should be taken while introducing redundant logic since redundant logic insertion may give rise to new internal nodes and faults on those may impact the fault tolerance of the resulting circuit. The combinational circuit that is considered and its redundant counterparts are all implemented in semi-custom design style using a 32/28nm CMOS digital cell library and their respective design metrics and fault tolerances are compared

Modifications of craft and gear in diversified tuna fishery undertaken at Tharuvaikulam. Gulf of Mannar, India

At present nearly 30 shrimp trawlers have been converted for drift gill net fishing at Tharuvalkulam. In the years to come perhaps more and more trawlers may be converted for tuna fishery employing drift gill net. The day may not be far away even, to introduce the mechanical hauling system which is no longer in use. It has been reported that seven species of tuna such as E. qfflnis. A. thazard, A. rochei, T. albacares, T. tonggol. S. orientalis and K. pelamis occur during tuna season (June-Oct) and in the rest of period only a few species of tuna would support the fishery. However, due to recent development during the off season also one can encounter seven species of tuna. Diversification in the small scale fishing sector with greater use of drift gillnets and crafts may play a vital role in augmenting the production of tunas along the Gulf of Mannar coast

Information Recovery From Black Holes

We argue that if black hole entropy arises from a finite number of underlying quantum states, then any particular such state can be identified from infinity. The finite density of states implies a discrete energy spectrum, and, in general, such spectra are non-degenerate except as determined by symmetries. Therefore, knowledge of the precise energy, and of other commuting conserved charges, determines the quantum state. In a gravitating theory, all conserved charges including the energy are given by boundary terms that can be measured at infinity. Thus, within any theory of quantum gravity, no information can be lost in black holes with a finite number of states. However, identifying the state of a black hole from infinity requires measurements with Planck scale precision. Hence observers with insufficient resolution will experience information loss.Comment: First prize in the Gravity Research Foundation Essay Competition, 8 pages, Late

Spacetime and the Holographic Renormalization Group

Anti-de Sitter (AdS) space can be foliated by a family of nested surfaces homeomorphic to the boundary of the space. We propose a holographic correspondence between theories living on each surface in the foliation and quantum gravity in the enclosed volume. The flow of observables between our ``interior'' theories is described by a renormalization group equation. The dependence of these flows on the foliation of space encodes bulk geometry.Comment: 12 page

Negative Energy, Superluminosity and Holography

The holographic connection between large $N$ Super Yang Mills theory and gravity in anti deSitter space requires unfamiliar behavior of the SYM theory in the limit that the curvature of the AdS geometry becomes small. The paradoxical behavior includes superluminal oscillations and negative energy density. These effects typically occur in the SYM description of events which take place far from the boundary of AdS when the signal from the event arrives at the boundary. The paradoxes can be resolved by assuming a very rich collection of hidden degrees of freedom of the SYM theory which store information but give rise to no local energy density. These degrees of freedom, called precursors, are needed to make possible sudden apparently acausal energy momentum flows. Such behavior would be impossible in classical field theory as a consequence of the positivity of the energy density. However we show that these effects are not only allowed in quantum field theory but that we can model them in free quantum field theory.Comment: Expanded version replacing earlier hep-th/990218

Manta birostris landed at Tuticorin

On 31.03.2006 one female Manta birostris measuring 370 cm in total length 620 cm in breadth and weighing 1550 kg was caught by "singi valai" (a type of bottom set gill net) from a depth of 40 m off Tuticorin and brought to Tuticorin north landing centre

Whale shark, Rhinocodon typus (Smith) landed at Tuticorin, Gulf of Mannar

Paper is reporting the morphometric measurements of a male whale shark Rhinocodon typus measuring 4.45 m and weighing approximately 1.5 t got entangled in a nylon net at a depth of 90-100 m,operated for tuna and allied species