Development of an intense positron source using a crystal--amorphous hybrid target for linear colliders

In a conventional positron source driven by a few GeV electron beam, a high amount of heat is loaded into a positron converter target to generate intense positrons required by linear colliders, and which would eventually damage the converter target. A hybrid target, composed of a single crystal target as a radiator of intense gamma--rays, and an amorphous converter target placed downstream of the crystal, was proposed as a scheme which could overcome the problem.This paper describes the development of an intense positron source with the hybrid target. A series of experiments on positron generation with the hybrid target has been carried out with a 8--GeV electron beam at the KEKB linac. We observed that positron yield from the hybrid target increased when the incident electron beam was aligned to the crystal axis and exceeded the one from the conventional target with the converter target of the same thickness, when its thickness is less than about 2 radiation length. The measurements in the temperature rise of the amorphous converter target was successfully carried out by use of thermocouples. These results lead to establishment to the evaluation of the hybrid target as an intense positron source.Comment: 17pages, 10figure

Enhancement of the Positron Intensity by a Tungsten Single Crystal Target at the KEKB Injector Linac

International audienceA new tungsten single-crystalline positron target has been successfully employed for generation of the intense positron beam at the KEKB injector linac in September 2006. The target is composed of a tungsten single-crystal with a thickness of 10.5 mm. The positron production target is bombarded at an incident electron energy of 4 GeV, and the produced positrons are collected and accelerated up to the final injection energy of 3.5 GeV in the succeeding sections. A conventional tungsten plate with a thickness of 14 mm has been used previously, and the conversion efficiency (Ne^+/Ne^-), the ratio between the number of positrons (Ne^+) captured in the positron capture section and the number of the incident electrons (Ne^-), was 0.20 on average. By replacing the tungsten plate with the tungsten crystal, it increased to 0.25 on average. The increase of the conversion efficiency has boosted the positron intensity to its maximum since the beginning of KEKB operation in 1999. Now this new positron source is stably operating and is contributing to increasing the integrated luminosity of the KEKB B-factory

Experimental study of positron production from a 2.55-mm-thick silicon crystal target using 8-GeV channeling electron beams with high-bunch charges

We have investigated quenching phenomena of channeling radiation through positron production from a silicon crystal hit by a single-bunch electron beam with high-bunch charge at the 8-GeV electron/positron injector linac. The crystal axis, left angle bracket1 1 0right-pointing angle bracket, was aligned to the electron beam with a precise goniometer, and positrons produced in the forward direction with a momentum of 20 MeV/c were detected with a magnetic spectrometer. Positron yields were measured by varying the charge in a bunch with a typical bunch length of not, vert, similar10 ps from 0.1 nC to 2 nC. The corresponding instantaneous current density ranged from 0.15 × 104 to 1.2 × 104 A/cm2. The results show that, at these current densities, the positron yield is proportional to the bunch charge within the experimental accuracy, which implies that no non-linear phenomena are observed in channeling radiation

ERL Scheme for Compton Polarised Positron Sources

International audienceOne of the main challenges for the future linear colliders projects (ILC and CLIC) is to design an efficient positron source taking into account the constraints imposed by the target heating. At present, different schemes have been analysed to produce high energy gammas and to convert them in an amorphous target. One of them considers the possibility to boost the energy of the backscattered photons of a laser pulse by Compton effect. This method is very attractive since the source is independent from the main Linac and since the photon helicity is conserved in Compton scattering and subsequently transferred to the produced pairs. This allows the physics experiments disposing of both positron and electron polarised sources. Different schemes have been proposed to provide the electron beam for the Compton collisions. taking into account the constraint imposed by the low value of the Thomson cross section. One of the explored possibilities is to design an ERL with relatively low repetition frequency, high charge per pulse and then to stack the produced positrons in an accumulation ring. Different considerations on this scheme will be illustrated and the main constraints discussed. MO6RFP06

Design of a Polarised Positron Source Based on Laser Compton Scattering

We describe a scheme for producing polarised positrons at the ILC from polarised X-rays created by Compton scattering of a few-GeV electron beam off a CO2 or YAG laser. This scheme is very energy effective using high finesse laser cavities in conjunction with an electron storage ring.Comment: Proposal submitted to the ILC workshop, Snowmass 2005. v2: note number adde

Experimental Determination of the Characteristics of a Positron Source Using Channeling

Numerical simulations and `proof of principle' experiments showed clearly the interest of using crystals as photon generators dedicated to intense positron sources for linear colliders. An experimental investigation, using a 10 GeV secondary electron beam, of the SPS-CERN, impinging on an axially oriented thick tungsten crystal, has been prepared and operated between May and August 2000. After a short recall on the main features of positron sources using channeling in oriented crystals, the experimental set-up is described. A particular emphasis is put on the positron detector made of a drift chamber, partially immersed in a magnetic field. The enhancement in photon and positron production in the aligned crystal have been observed in the energy range 5 to 40 GeV, for the incident electrons, in crystals of 4 and 8 mm as in an hybrid target. The first results concerning this experiment are presented hereafter.Comment: 3 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Linac200

Stacking Simulations for Compton Positron sources of Future Linear Colliders

The Compton positron source of a future linear collider must obtain the target bunch population by accumulating a large number of positron packets, arriving either in a number of bursts from a ‘Compton ring’, with intermediate damping of the scattering electron beam, or quasicontinually from a ‘Compton energy recovery linac’. We present simulation results for the longitudinal stacking of Compton positrons in the ILC damping ring (DR) and the CLIC pre-damping ring (PDR), discussing parameter optimization, stacking efficiency, possible further improvements, and outstanding questions

Cracking in asphalt materials

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of both laboratory characterization and modelling of bulk material fracture in asphalt mixtures. For the purpose of organization, this chapter is divided into a section on laboratory tests and a section on models. The laboratory characterization section is further subdivided on the basis of predominant loading conditions (monotonic vs. cyclic). The section on constitutive models is subdivided into two sections, the first one containing fracture mechanics based models for crack initiation and propagation that do not include material degradation due to cyclic loading conditions. The second section discusses phenomenological models that have been developed for crack growth through the use of dissipated energy and damage accumulation concepts. These latter models have the capability to simulate degradation of material capacity upon exceeding a threshold number of loading cycles.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

The CLIC Positron Sources Based on Compton Schemes

International audienceThe CLIC polarized positron source is based on a positron production scheme in which polarized photons are produced by Compton process. Compton backscattering happens in a so-called "Compton ring" where an electron beam of 1.06 GeV interacts with a powerful laser beam amplified in an optical resonator. The circularly-polarized gamma rays are sent on to a target, producing pairs of longitudinally polarized electrons and positrons. An Adiabatic Matching Device maximizes the capture of the positrons. A normal-conducting 2 GHz Linac accelerates the beam up to 2.424 GeV before injection into the Pre-Damping Ring (PDR). The nominal CLIC bunch population is 4.4x10**9 particles per bunch. Since the photon flux coming out from a "Compton ring" is not sufficient to obtain the requested charge, a stacking process is required in the PDR. Another option is to use a "Compton Energy Recovery Linac" where a quasi-continual stacking in the PDR could be achieved. A third option is to use a "Compton Linac" which would not require stacking. We describe the overall scheme as well as advantages and constraints of the three different options