Inkatha's young militants: reconsidering political violence in South Africa

South Africa's township revolts have generated much excellent research on the central role played by rebellious, urban youth. This article explores a parallel set of intergenerational conflicts that opened up in the marginal rural districts of the Natal Midlands, which were exacerbated by apartheid's forced removals of labour tenants from commercial farming districts to crowded ‘Native Reserves’ in the 1970s. At this time of deepening poverty, elders worried about the rising incidence of juvenile petty crime, particularly amongst the teenagers who increasingly took itinerant, seasonal labour on the commercial farms. Some of these young migrants, unable to find steady factory work at a time of mounting unemployment, also played a leading role in the illicit, sometimes criminal networks of South Africa's growing popular economy. Finally, I show how some of these youths were mobilized by Inkatha during the war against the African National Congress in Johannesburg – often to the revulsion of older men who abhorred their socially harmful, thuggish violence, which spiralled uncontrollably along migrant routes. Thus the political violence was often known as the udlame: a brutal savagery that destroys households, communities and society

Finite-element analysis on cantilever beams coated with magnetostrictive material

The main focus of this paper is to highlight some of the key criteria in successful utilization of magnetostrictive materials within a cantilever based microelectromechanical system (MEMS). The behavior of coated cantilever beams is complex and many authors have offered solutions using analytical techniques. In this study, the FEMLAB finite-element multiphysics package was used to incorporate the full magnetostrictive strain tensor and couple it with partial differential equations from structural mechanics to solve simple cantilever systems. A wide range of geometries and material properties were solved to study the effects on cantilever deflection and the system resonance frequencies. The latter were found by the use of an eigen-frequency solver. The models have been tailored for comparison with other such data within the field and results also go beyond previous work

Monte Carlo simulation of baryon and lepton number violating processes at high energies

We report results obtained with the first complete event generator for electroweak baryon and lepton number violating interactions at supercolliders. We find that baryon number violation would be very difficult to establish, but lepton number violation can be seen provided at least a few hundred L violating events are available with good electron or muon identification in the energy range 10 GeV to 1 TeV.Comment: 40 Pages uuencoded LaTeX (20 PostScript figures included), Cavendish-HEP-93/6, CERN-TH.7090/9

Magnetoresistance and efficiency measurements of Alq(3)-based OLEDs

Copyright 2007 by the American Physical Society. Article is available at

Information-theoretic determination of ponderomotive forces

From the equilibrium condition $\delta S=0$ applied to an isolated thermodynamic system of electrically charged particles and the fundamental equation of thermodynamics ($dU = T dS-(\mathbf{f}\cdot d\mathbf{r})$) subject to a new procedure, it is obtained the Lorentz's force together with non-inertial terms of mechanical nature. Other well known ponderomotive forces, like the Stern-Gerlach's force and a force term related to the Einstein-de Haas's effect are also obtained. In addition, a new force term appears, possibly related to a change in weight when a system of charged particles is accelerated.Comment: 10 page

Covariance analysis of the airborne laser ranging system

The requirements and limitations of employing an airborne laser ranging system for detecting crustal shifts of the Earth within centimeters over a region of approximately 200 by 400 km are presented. The system consists of an aircraft which flies over a grid of ground deployed retroreflectors, making six passes over the grid at two different altitudes. The retroreflector baseline errors are assumed to result from measurement noise, a priori errors on the aircraft and retroreflector positions, tropospheric refraction, and sensor biases

Dram Balances Care

In many developed countries the problem of allocating resources within the Health Care System is perennial. Health Care planners wish to know the consequences of changing the mix of resources. The Balance of Care (BOC) Model, designed to help Health Care Planners answer this question, has been successfully applied over the past few years in the Department of Health and Social Security, UK. The Disaggregated Resource Allocation Model (DRAM), developed at IIASA, is also designed to help Health Care planners answer the above question. This paper compares the performance of both models in two respects. Firstly, it indicates that DRAM is likely to be able to cope with problems of the same size and complexity as the BOC model. Secondly, the paper demonstrates that DRAM can more accurately model the use of alternative modes of care within treatment categories. Data collected for the allocation of care for the elderly in Devon, UK are used in the comparisons

Two hard spheres in a pore: Exact Statistical Mechanics for different shaped cavities

The Partition function of two Hard Spheres in a Hard Wall Pore is studied appealing to a graph representation. The exact evaluation of the canonical partition function, and the one-body distribution function, in three different shaped pores are achieved. The analyzed simple geometries are the cuboidal, cylindrical and ellipsoidal cavities. Results have been compared with two previously studied geometries, the spherical pore and the spherical pore with a hard core. The search of common features in the analytic structure of the partition functions in terms of their length parameters and their volumes, surface area, edges length and curvatures is addressed too. A general framework for the exact thermodynamic analysis of systems with few and many particles in terms of a set of thermodynamic measures is discussed. We found that an exact thermodynamic description is feasible based in the adoption of an adequate set of measures and the search of the free energy dependence on the adopted measure set. A relation similar to the Laplace equation for the fluid-vapor interface is obtained which express the equilibrium between magnitudes that in extended systems are intensive variables. This exact description is applied to study the thermodynamic behavior of the two Hard Spheres in a Hard Wall Pore for the analyzed different geometries. We obtain analytically the external work, the pressure on the wall, the pressure in the homogeneous zone, the wall-fluid surface tension, the line tension and other similar properties

Discipline-Specific Compared to Generic Training of Teachers in Higher Education

A recurrent theme arising in the higher education sector is the suitability and effectiveness of generic versus discipline-specific training of university teachers, who are often recruited based on their disciplinary specialties to become teachers in higher education. We compared two groups of participants who had undergone training using a generic post-graduate certificate in higher education (PGCertGeneric) versus a discipline-specific course in veterinary education (PGCertVetEd). The study was conducted using a survey that allowed comparison of participants who completed PGCertGeneric (n=21) with PGCertVetEd (n=22). Results indicated that participants from both PGCertGeneric and PGCertVetEd considered teaching to be satisfying and important to their careers, valued the teaching observation component of the course, and identified similar training needs. However, the participants of the PGCertVetEd felt that the course made them better teachers, valued the relevance of the components taught, understood course design better, were encouraged to do further courses/reading in teaching and learning, changed their teaching as a result of the course, and were less stressed about teaching as compared to the PGCertGeneric participants (p<.05). It is likely that the PGCertVetEd, which was designed and developed by veterinarians with a wider understanding of the veterinary sector, helped the participants perceive the training course as suited to their needs