Pengaruh Faktor-faktor Sosial-ekonomi Terhadap Perilaku Pengelolaan Sampah Domestik Di Nusa Tenggara Timur

In the attempt to implement sustainable development, there is a definition that the use of natural source to keep it uses by the next generation well, both in quantity and quality. It needs to be supported by caring the environment both by the government and the community itself. The community awareness can be seen at its role on the management of domestic garbage. Several socio-economic factors such as age, sex, education, income, job, and the knowledge of environment have effect on community awareness in the management of domestic garbage. This study used logistic regression model which aimed at measuring to what extend the effect of the socio-economic factors to domestic garbage management in East Nusa Tenggara Province in 2013. It uses secondary data of Environmental Awareness Behaviour Survey that done in 2013 by the Central Agency on Statistics. The result of this study used α = 0,05, showed that the variable of sex, age group of the head household among 40-59 years old and the knowledge of environment did not have effect on household garbage management behavioral. Level education of the patriarch and capital income affected positively on domestic garbage management behavioral. Variable of age group of the patriarch above 60 years old did negatively affected to the domestic garbage management behavioral. Although knowledge about the environment did not affect eco-friendly behavior, but the knowledge about the environment has to be continued to be disseminated to the public. Right knowledge about the behavior of environmental awareness is a major component of internal factors that can drive change one\u27s attitude to be more concerned about the environmen

Pengaruh Rasio Gaya Apung dan Gaya Tenggelam Surface Gill Net terhadap Hasil Tangkapan di Pangkalan Pendaratan Ikan Desa Kranji Kecamatan Paciran Kabupaten Lamongan

Tampilan gill net di dalam perairan dipengaruhi oleh gaya internal dan gaya eksternal yang bekerja pada alat tangkap. Gaya-gaya tersebut diantaranya gaya berat, gaya apung dan gaya hidrodinamika. Bekerjanya gaya tersebut akan mempengaruhi tampilan gill net didalam air. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya pengkajian tentang rasio gaya apung dan tenggelam terhadap surface gill net. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengatahui pengaruh perbedaan gaya apung dan gaya tengelam surface gil net terhadap hasil tangkapannya. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pangkalan Pendaratan Ikan Desa Kranji Kecamatan Paciran Kabupaten Lamongan dengan menggunakanan metode deskriptif, analisa data yang digunakan adalah analisa komparatif yaitu membandingkan antara hasil pengamatan dengan literature dan menggunakan Rancangana Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan uji Anova. berdasarkan hasil penelitian, penentuan besar kecilnya gaya apung dan gaya tenggelam pada gill net bergantung pada sasaran hasil tangkapan. Gill net yang dioperasikan di permukaan harus memiliki total gaya apung yang lebih besar dari total gaya tenggelamnya. Ikan-ikan yang tertangkap kebanyakan dengan cara terbelit atau terpuntal. Anova yang diperoleh yaitu Fhitung ˂ Ftabel, maka H0 diterima yang artinya dengan adanya perbedaan gaya apung dan tenggelam pada surface gill net yang ada di Desa Kranji tidak berpengaruh terhadap hasil tangkapannya. Analisis hasil dari uji anova tidak berbeda nyata dengan perbandingan gaya apung dan gaya tenggelam pada jaring insang permukaan, dikarenakan perbedaan ketegangan dan terbukanya tubuh jaring di perairan tidak begitu besar sehingga kemampuan untuk menangkap ikan baik secara terjerat atau terpuntal dari ketiga sampel tidak berbeda. Ikan dominan tertangkap diantaranya adalah ikan kembung (Restreliger kanagurta), ikan layang (Decapterus ruselli), ikan layur (Trichiulus savala) dan ikan gulamah (Pseudocienna amovescis)

Penggunaan Kantong Bilangan untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Mengerjakan Soal Pengurangan di Kelas II SD

Based on researcher\u27s experiences in the course of teaching that learning can be said success and meaningful for students if planning and implementing of the learning process mobilize the students as subjects of learning. And one of the way to activate the students for participating in learning actively is the use of the number pocket media. These research aims are to make improvement the teacher\u27 s weakness in learning and learning achivement grade of students to use the number pocket on the Math learning about decrease with borrowing technique. This research is classroom action research using collaborative-descriptive method are carried out in the two cycles. The subject of the research are teacher as a researcher and grade II students of SDN 4 Sungai Pinyuh. The collected data are about the teacher\u27s ability in planning the learning process, implementing the learning process, and scoring student learning outcomes. The techniques of collecting data were direct observation and measurement technique. The data collection tools were observation sheets and writing tests of students\u27 ability. The research outcomes that found after carrying out classroom action research in the form of the score of the teacher\u27s ability to plan learning in the first cycle is 3,37. In the second cycle , the score is 3,53. The score of teacher\u27s ability in implementing learning process in the first cycle is 3,65. In the second cycle, the score is 3,69. On the other hand, score of students learning outcomes in the begining condition is 51,44. In the first cycle is 68,2. In the second cycle, the score is 72,6. The data is increased ( from begining condition to the second cycle ) about 21,16. It proves that applying the number of pocket tool in Mathematics lesson can improve student learning outcomes at the second grade of SDN 4 Sungai Pinyuh about decrease with borrowing technique.

Improving Phosphate Efficiency by Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Organic Matter Estimated by Radio Isotop (32P) Technique in Some Soils

Phosphorous (P) contents in many soils are varies highly along with their ability to provide available P to plant growth. Soils may contain very high in total P, but low in available P due to high P adsorbed by soil matrix and all their adsorbing agents. This research which using natural materials was aimed to increase P availability in some high-P absorption soils. The natural materials utilized for extracting P were organic matter, P extracting bacterial, and rock phosphate. Those materials were interacted to high P absorption soils which were: Oxisol, Inceptisol, and Andisol. The detail objectives of this research were: (1) to study the potential of P-extracting agents (organic matter, and P-extracting bacteria) in releasing P of three high P- absorption soils; (2) to quantify the -age of P coming from the treatments; (3) to calculate the efficiency of P utilization by plant; and (4) to quantify Residual P in soils. The P mobility was analyzed by radioisotope technique using KH232PO4 carrier free solution. The results showed that adding soil organic matter increased the available P by 15.24% in Oxisol, 40.18 in Inceptisol, and by 7.34% in Andisol. Plant sorption toward P from % P used efficiency(%-PUE) up to 60 days was still very low, 0.65 to 9.34%. This was in accordance with the residual P in soils which were still quite high ranging from 94% to 96% in Andisol, 91%97% in Inceptisol, and 96%-98% in Oxisol. The implication of the results of this research, however, is that the application of natural materials in improving soil P availability provides a longtimeresidual effect which could give benefit to the following crops.Keywords: Andisols; Inceptisol; Oxisols; P. diminuta; PUE;  rock phosphate[How to Cite: Mudjiharjati A, TC Setiawati and MH Pandutama. 2012. Improving Phosphate Efficiency by Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Organic Matter Estimated by Radio Isotop (32P) Technique in Some Soils. J Trop Soils, 17 (3) : 245-252. doi: 10.5400/jts.2012

Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy of Ac-Ser-NH2: the role of side chain interactions in peptide folding

Serine capped dipeptide N-acetyl-L-serinamide (Ac-Ser-NH2) has been investigated using Fourier transform microwave spectroscopic techniques combined with laser ablation sources. Spectral signatures originating from one dominant species have been detected in the supersonic expansion. Rotational and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of the two 14N nuclei have been used in the characterization of a Ceq/g-turn structure, which is stabilized by a C7O·· ·HN intramolecular hydrogen bond closing a seven-membered ring. Two extra hydrogen bonds involving the polar side chain (–CH2OH) further stabilize the structure. The non-observation of C5 species, attributed to the presence of the polar side chain, is in contrast with the previous gas phase observation of the related dipeptides containing glycine or alanine residues. The A–E splitting pattern arising from the internal rotation of the methyl group has been analyzed and the internal rotation barrier has been determined

Nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung: An example of the impossibility of measuring off-shell amplitudes

For nearly fifty years theoretical and experimental efforts in nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung (NN$\gamma$) have been devoted to measuring off-shell amplitudes and distinguishing among various NN potentials on the basis of their off-shell behavior. New experiments are underway, designed specifically to attain kinematics further off shell than in the past, and thus to be more sensitive to the off-shell behavior. This letter shows that, contrary to these expectations, and due to the invariance of the S-matrix under transformations of the fields, the off-shell NN amplitude is as a matter of principle an unmeasurable quantity in NN$\gamma$.Comment: 9 pages, Latex, using RevTeX; Minor wording changes, title changed, version to be published in Phys. Rev. Letter

Field transformations and simple models illustrating the impossibility of measuring off-shell effects

In the context of simple models illustrating field transformations in Lagrangian field theories we discuss the impossibility of measuring off-shell effects in nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung, Compton scattering, and related processes. To that end we introduce a simple phenomenological Lagrangian describing nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung and perform an appropriate change of variables leading to different off-shell behavior in the nucleon-nucleon amplitude as well as the photon-nucleon vertex. As a result we obtain a class of equivalent Lagrangians, generating identical S-matrix elements, of which the original Lagrangian is but one representative. We make use of this property in order to show that what appears as an off-shell effect in an S-matrix element for one Lagrangian may originate in a contact term from an equivalent Lagrangian. By explicit calculation we demonstrate for the case of nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung as well as nucleon Compton scattering the equivalence of observables from which we conclude that off-shell effects cannot in any unambiguous way be extracted from an S-matrix element. Finally, we also discuss some implications of introducing off-shell effects on a phenomenological basis, resulting from the requirement that the description of one process be consistent with that of other processes described by the same Lagrangian.Comment: 19 pages, Latex, using RevTe

Device properties of the spin-valve transistor and the magnetic tunnel transistor

Spin electronics is a new research area, which not only uses the electron’s charge but also its spin. By using the electron spin dependent properties of magnetic materials one can make devices with a new functionality. This has lead to magnetoresistive devices that can change their resistance by 10 to 50% in small magnetic fields, such as giant magnetoresistance (GMR) devices and the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). This large resistance change can be used in applications such as read heads or serve as memory elements in a magnetic random access memory (MRAM). This thesis describes two devices: the spin-valve transistor (SVT) and the magnetic tunnel transistor (MTT). The SVT has an unique property, namely its huge relative collector current change of more than 300% in small magnetic fields at room temperature. This unique property by itself is not enough to warrant the applicability of the SVT. The other properties that are important for the applicability of the SVT are described in this thesis. An alternative to the SVT, the MTT, will also be discussed. The SVT is a hybrid device that generally has an n-Si/ Pt / Ni82Fe18/ Au/ Co/ Au/ n-Si structure. The Pt / Ni82Fe18/ Au/ Co/ Au multi layer is the base and the two semiconductors on each side are the emitter and the collector respectively. The SVT is used in the common base configuration, where the emitter barrier (Si/Pt) is forward biased and the collector diode is zero or reversed biased. A flow of electrons from the silicon over the Schottky barrier into the metal base starts when the emitter is forward biased. These electrons have an excess energy compared to the Fermi level of the base and move in the direction of the collector. The electrons that are scattered in the base will lose their energy or momentum and make up the base current. Only those electrons that reach the collector with the right momentum and a high enough energy can enter the collector. The collector current is thus extremely sensitive to the scattering conditions in the base. The scattering conditions in the Ni82Fe18 and the Co layer are different for the spin-up and spin-down electrons. This makes the total scattering dependent on the relative magnetizations of the Ni82Fe18 and the Co layer. The collector current is largest when the magnetizations are parallel (I P C ) and smallest when the magnetizations are anti-parallel aligned (I AP C ). The relative change in collector current is called the magnetocurrent (MC = (I P C - I AP C )/I AP C ). This PhD research started with the development of a reliable process for fabricating spin-valve transistors. The introduction of this process together with the introduction of an ultra-high vacuum metal-evaporation system and the right choice of materials resulted in the SVT’s that exhibit an MC of more than 300% at room temperature. This thesis starts with a study on the size dependence of the magnetic and electrical properties of the SVT. We extended the previously mentioned process by using silicon on insulator (SOI) wafers, a combination of dry and wet etching techniques and SU8 (a negative tone photoresist) as an insulator layer. We were successful in producing SVTs with lateral dimensions that ranged from 300µm by 300µm to 10µm by 10µm. As expected, we saw no influence of the dimensions on the Schottky barrier height. Moreover the reverse current scaled down linearly with area. Both observations show that we have high-quality Schottky diodes. The key property of the SVT, its MC, showed no size dependence and remained constant around 240% for all dimensions. The transfer ratio is the ratio between the applied emitter current and the measured collector current. This ratio showed a slight decrease for transistors with dimensions below 25µm by 25µm. This is attributed to a deterioration of the emitter efficiency. The maximum possible emitter current decreases with transistor dimensions. The limiting factor is the maximum possible current density in the spin-valve base, which is 1.7 × 10 7 A/cm 2 . This value agrees with electromigration failure of spin valves. We have shown that it is possible to scale the lateral dimensions of the SVT down to 10µm by 10 µm. In my view further scaling down is limited to the physical height needed for the emitter, which includes the depletion width for the Schottky barrier and the doping profile needed for the Ohmic contact. To characterize the noise sources of the SVT we studied the frequency spectrum of three types of transistors that differed only in the type of metal base. The measurement showed that the frequency spectrum of the transistor with only non-magnetic layers in the base was completely dominated by shot noise in the frequency range of the measurement (10 Hz to 100kHz). The inclusion of one or more magnetic layers lowered the collector current and thus the level of the shot noise. It did not however change the nature of the noise or add noise (of magnetic origin) to the collector current. The collector current spectral density (SI) changes linearly with IC in a quasi-static magnetic field as expected for shot noise. We have however not observed 1/f noise in our measurements, not even at the switching fields of the spin valve. With this knowledge we can calculate the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the SVT. The SNR increases with increasing MC and also with the absolute value collector current. From the basic relation IC = α IE we see that we can increase the collector current by either increasing the emitter current (IE) or the transfer ratio (alpha). We saw before that the emitter current has an upper limit imposed by device breakdown, therefore the way to enlarge IC is to improve the transfer ratio. We started to improve α by enlarging the energy difference between the emitter and collector barrier. The transfer ratio increased with increasing energy difference due to the larger number of states available at the collector semiconductor when electrons arrive with a higher energy. The transfer ratio also improves when materials with longer attenuation lengths are used in the base, i.e. Au instead of Pt. The influence of the SVT’s structural quality on the transfer ratio is demonstrated by the optimum in collector current versus Pt layer thickness. Furthermore, by varying the thickness of the NiFe layer we were able to prove that there is a maximum in the absolute current change for a certain thickness, due to the trade-off between transfer ratio and MC. The same study yielded a value for the attenuation of an interface, which is a factor of 0.55. The influence of crystal orientation on the transfer ratio was found to be negligible. Temperature effects on the transfer ratio are weak and are due to the spatial distribution of Schottky barrier heights and thermal spin wave scattering. Summarizing, we improved the transfer ratio by a factor of 118 from a Si/Pt/NiFe/Au/Co/Pt/Si SVT compared with a Si/Au/NiFe/Au/Co/Cu/Si transistor, while the MC remained constant above 200% and showed only small and non-systematic changes. The latter implies that the collection of both the spin-up and spin-down electrons can be improved, resulting in an increase in collector current without affecting the MC. The best results so far for SVTs are with a Si/ Au (20Å)/ Ni82Fe18 (30Å)/ Au (70Å)/ Co (30Å)/ Au (40Å)/ Si SVT, it has a transfer ratio of 1.2 × 10 4 and an MC of 230%. Further improvement of the transfer ratio might result from better control over the quality of the complete SVT structure. Another option is to use a tunnel barrier on the emitter side. This not only allows one to further enlarge the energy difference between the injected electrons and the collector Schottky barrier, but also opens up the possibility to remove layers from the base if a ferromagnetic emitter electrode is used, as in an MTT. Magnetic tunnel transistors have been successfully realized with the use of in situ shadow mask technology. Already we achieved a transfer ratio equal to that of SVTs, while the MCof the MTT is above 100%. The MTT has a Si/ Co/ Al2O3/ CoFe/ IrMn/ Ta structure. We have shown that the MTT can be used to determine a lower limit for the tunnel spin polarization of a ferromagnet/insulator interface. With a MTT this lower limit can be determined in a large temperature and tunnel-barrier bias range. The transfer ratio measured versus tunnel-barrier bias continues to increase, due to the larger number of available states at the collector at higher energies. More research is needed to explain the tunnelbarrier bias dependence of the MC. We expect that MTTs can be improved by using evaporation techniques rather than sputter techniques. Furthermore the quality of the collector diode can be improved with a corresponding increase in transfer ratio by choosing the right materials. The comparison of the SVT and MTT with tunnel junctions in terms of signal, noise, scalability, frequency response, robustness and of course the ability to study the properties of spin-polarized hot-electrons in magnetic materials justifies the further research of SVTs and MTTs. Last modified: May 16, 2002 by Hans

The brokerage role of small states and territories in global corporate networks

Global economic activity is networked through cross‐national linkages between firm headquarters, branches, and subsidiaries. Brokerage emerges as a key territorial function of this network, with some places acting as gateways or intermediaries for flows of global knowledge, information, or trade. This function is particularly salient for small states and territories leveraging the benefits of borrowed size by offering global professional services, warehousing, logistics, shipping, and finance to wealthy nations or high net individuals. Nonetheless, to date our understanding of how small states and territories facilitate wealth accumulation is limited to broad concepts of their role as “gateways” or “brokers.” Drawing on a typology of brokerage and a network analysis applied to the ties between approximately 700,000 firm headquarter and subsidiary locations of 13 of the world's largest stock exchanges, we explore the brokerage role of small states and territories through case studies of Luxembourg, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Panama. Brokerage is found to play an important role in the economy of all four. We argue that each of these small states and territories is uniquely positioned as a broker in global corporate networks, but that this role differs according to geo‐economic and political positionality