Seed Formation and Development in Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L. )

A study on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seed formation and development was undertaken at the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. The plant materials used comprised of five dissimilar crossings of Sabah Mixed Hybrid. Freshly opened flowers were hand-pollinated and tagged to ascertain the date of pollination. The tagged flowers were then covered with plastic-net bags to protect them from insects and other hazards. Samples were taken at weekly intervals. Changes in the histology and germinability of seed, as well as size, weight and moisture content of both fruit and seed were determined. In addition, the effects of air drying on seed germinabi1ity was also studied. Progressive development of the endosperm and embryo started to occur eight weeks after pollination and it continued to do so until complete development was attained 11 weeks later (19th week). Physical development of the fruit and seed followed a three-phase sigmoidal pattern. The first phase was characterised by very slow growth rate of both the fruit and seed during the first eight weeks after pollination. This was fol lowed by a period of rapid increases in dimensions and weights until maximum values were reached 18 weeks after pollination. The final developmental phase (beyond the 18th week) was a period of minimal physical changes. Maximum seed dry weight was attained 22 weeks after pollination at which seeds are regarded as physiologically mature. Seed moisture content was high (above 90 percent) during the initial stages of development. It then declined steadily reaching a fairly stable value of about 40 percent approximately 25 weeks after pollination. Fruit moisture content on the other hand , remained relatively high (above 70 percent) throughout the developmental period

Diagnosis Penyakit Gigi Periodontal Menggunakan Sistem Pakar Fuzzy

Penyakit periodontal merupakan salah satu penyakit yang sangat meluas dalamkehidupan masyarakat. Seperti cabang medis lainnya, pengobatan yang tepat hanyadengan diagnosis yang benar terhadap gejala-gejala suatu penyakit. Diagnosis inidilakukan dengan evaluasi pemeriksaan klinis. Namun, pemeriksaan klinis inimengandung ketidakpastian (ambiguitas) data, sehingga diperlukan perhitungan yangtepat untuk mengukur dan menentukan kriteria keparahan peradangan pada gigi. Padapenelitian ini mengembangkan sistem pakar fuzzy untuk mengdiagnosis penyakit gigiperiodontal. Pengukuran relatif digunakan untuk mendapatkan nilai akurasi denganMean Percentage Absolute Error (MAPE). MAPE merupakan nilai tengah kesalahanpersentase absolut dari suatu peramalan atau prediksi. Hasil perhitungan nilai galatdiperoleh sebesar 9,91% sehingga akurasi penelitian ini diperoleh sebesar 90,09%

Respons Ketahanan Lima Varietas Cabai Merah (Capsicum Annum L.) Terhadap Berbagai Konsentrasi Garam Nacl Melalui Uji Perkecambahan

The aim of the research was to find out resistance of the five varieties of Chili pepperto various concentrations of NaCl salt by Germination Test. The research wasconducted in the seed technology laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universityof North Sumatera on December 2011. The research used Randomized Block Designwith two factors and three replication. The first factor was variety, consisting of fivevarieties, namely Laris, Mario, TM 007, TM 999, and Hot Star. The second factor wassalt concentration, consisting 4 levels, namely G0(0 ppm), G1 (1000 ppm), G2 (2000ppm), and G3 (3000 ppm). The parameters observed in this research were germinationpercentage, germination rate, percentage of normal and abnormal seedlings,percentage of dead seeds, seedling fresh weight and seedling height. The resultsshowed that varieties significantly effected germination rate, percentage of deadseeds, seedling fresh weight and seedling height. While salt concentration did notshow any significant affect on all parameters. It can be concluded that among thevarieties tested, the Mario variety showed best tolerance to NaCl salt, the leasttolerance was Hot Star

Pengaruh Kedalaman Tanam, Nitrogen Dan Aplikasi Parakuat Terhadap Pertumbuhan Eleusine Indica L. Gaertn Biotip Resisten- Dan Sensitif-Parakuat

Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) is one among the weeds which is commonly found in agriculturefields and public areas. This research aims to determine the effect of burial depth of seeds onseedling emergence, nitrogen, and paraquat on the growth of paraquat-resistant(ETS) and -susceptible (EFH) biotypes of E. indica. This research was carried out in 3 experiment unitsnamely; the comparison of seedling emergence of E. indica paraquat -resistant and -susceptiblebiotypes at 5 burial depths namely 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 , and 10 cm. Secondly, the growth response ofE. indica paraquat –resistant and –susceptible biotypes at 3 doses namely 0, 200, dan 400 kg ha-1.Thirdly, the effect of paraquat on the growth of E. indica paraquat -resistant and -susceptiblebiotypes at 7 doses namely 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 g a.i. ha-1. Non factorial randomisedblock design (RBD) with three replication was used for each unit of experiment. The resultsshowed that the burial depth significantly reduced number of seedling emerged. Nitrogensignificantly increased number of tillers of ETS and EFH biotypes and dry weight of ETS biotypebut not on the dry weight of EFH of biotype, the number of panicles and seeds for ETS and EFHbiotypes. Paraquat significantly reduced the number of plant survival that survive and dry weight ofEFH biotype but it was not on the dry weight of ETS biotype