Relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and diabetes mellitus (review)

Infections caused by SARE-CoV-2 are complicated with the concurrent pathologies, to name hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. High level of glucose in blood weakens the immunity and increase the SARS-CoV-2 replication. Diabetes mellitus aggravates the COVID-19 outcome. The intrusion of SARS-CoV-2 into a host-cell occurs by means of its association with the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE 2). Stimulating immune responses the COVID-19 infection causes the cytokine storm, and may result in the lethal outcome in the diabetics.Recent laboratory studies demonstrated that the type1 and type2 diabetes mellitus is the main consequence in 14% of the patients after corona infection. Thus, in 2% of 14% diabetes started progressing due to the corona virus. In the other, diabetes debut occurred as the direct and negative consequence of the disease. Hyperglycemia results in the formation of protein molecules known as the advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The AGEs and their receptors (RAGE) are of high significance in the host-cell’s virus invasion. Consequently, more strict glucose control is necessary for optimal outcome and reduction in mortality. The better control for the COVID-19 course can be provided by the targeted effect on the RAGE axis. The review helps elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the exacerbation of pathophysiology in the diabetic COVID-19 patients

THE EFFECT OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR ON INDICATORS OF THE ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN RAT BRAIN TISSUE

The work was to study the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the parameters of the antioxidant system in the rat brain. From the submandibular salivary glands of male mice, we isolated and purified fractions with nerve growth activity. We study the effect of NGF on the parameters of the antioxidant system – catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malon dialdehyde (MDA). It was found that the activity of catalase increases at a concentration of NGF of 5 μg, with a further growth of concentration of NGF a decrease in the activity of the enzyme was observed. SOD activity tends to increase at NGF concentrations of 5 and 25 μg. The decrease in the content of MDA is pronounced with the introduction of various concentrations of NGF. Thus, the activity of antioxidant enzymes tends to be restored in the presence of NGF. Neuroprotectors can exhibit therapeutic efficacy of antioxidants in neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic brain damage.</jats:p

Relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and diabetes mellitus (review)

Infections caused by SARE-CoV-2 are complicated with the concurrent pathologies, to name hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. High level of glucose in blood weakens the immunity and increase the SARS-CoV-2 replication. Diabetes mellitus aggravates the COVID-19 outcome. The intrusion of SARS-CoV-2 into a host-cell occurs by means of its association with the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE 2). Stimulating immune responses the COVID-19 infection causes the cytokine storm, and may result in the lethal outcome in the diabetics.Recent laboratory studies demonstrated that the type1 and type2 diabetes mellitus is the main consequence in 14% of the patients after corona infection. Thus, in 2% of 14% diabetes started progressing due to the corona virus. In the other, diabetes debut occurred as the direct and negative consequence of the disease. Hyperglycemia results in the formation of protein molecules known as the advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The AGEs and their receptors (RAGE) are of high significance in the host-cell’s virus invasion. Consequently, more strict glucose control is necessary for optimal outcome and reduction in mortality. The better control for the COVID-19 course can be provided by the targeted effect on the RAGE axis. The review helps elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the exacerbation of pathophysiology in the diabetic COVID-19 patients.</jats:p

Biological effects of thyroid hormones

The article presents the findings from the study on multifunctional effects of thyroid hormones in relation to normal and malignantly transformed tissues and cells. Both “rapid” and «slow» effects of thyroid hormones including calorigenic effects and effects over adenylate cyclase – cAMP system have been described. Thyroxin (Т4) has been established capable to inhibit proliferation and to induce apoptosis of cells carrying Т4 receptors on their membranes as well as to change course of metabolic processes under its effect. Spectrum of Т4 targets is quite broad to include not only cells of hormone-producing organs, to name those of the breast and the colon, but also other types of cells to name melanin-containing ones; Т4 effects resulting in reconstruction of presentation of regulatory proteins on the cell membrane surface to ultimately activate the process of cell apoptosis. Our findings help determine alternative paths for hormonal regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis of cells of hormone-dependent tumors, breast cancer, in particular, upon impossibility to regulate the processes by conventional methods. This facilitates understanding mechanisms for activation of signal system of the breast cancer’s cells by hormones upon changes in expression of receptors on the cells’ surface, making possible development of novel strategy for replacement therapy of hormone-dependent tumors upon low efficacy of drug therapy

Contribution of gangliosides to thyroxin binding with plasma membranes

Besides intracellular receptors of thyroid hormones, specific binding sites for T3 and T4 were detected on plasma membranes (PM) of some cells and a relationship between membrane reception .and lipid composition of membranes shown. The parameters of 125I-T4 binding to highly purified PM of hepatic and cerebral cells of rats were studied. The hepatic and cerebral cellular membranes were found to contain two sites of hormone binding each, one of these sites being characterized by a high affinity and low capacity, and the other by low affinity and a higher binding capacity. The association constant of highly affine site of hepatocyte membranes was found to be higher than that of brain cell membranes. T4 membranous receptors may be significant in the process of cell “recognition" by the hormone. In vivo and in vitro experiments with 125I-T4 and 14C-labeled thyroxin in ganglioside fractions showed appreciable binding of the hormone to Gm3 fraction, this evidently pointing to participation of this, ganglioside in T4 interaction with membrane receptor. It is possible that gangliosides situated on membranous surface are components of or function as receptors.</jats:p

The effects of coordination zinc compound on glucose uptake and the activity of tissue pyruvate dehydrogenase in rats with experimental diabetes mellitus

Zinc compounds were examined for their effects on the transport of glucose through the membrane and on the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase of mitochondria of the hearts and skeletal muscles from rats with experimental diabetes mellitus. The objects of the investigations were the rat diaphragm, cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria.&#x0D; The aim of the investigation was to study the effect of the coordination zinc compound piracine on the transport of glucose in the diaphragm and on the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase of the hearts and skeletal muscles from rats with experimental diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal alloxan hydrate during fasting.&#x0D; The investigation established that piracine exerted a stimulating effect on glucose transport in experimental diabetes. With the coordination zinc compound, there was an increase in the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, which is lowered in diabetes.&#x0D; The findings provide again evidence for the role of zinc ions in glucose transport and oxidation.</jats:p