Characterization of the Adoption of Village Poultry Technology Package Elements, Chicken Breeds and Forms in the Central Oromia Region, Ethiopia

The Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development developed and disseminated village poultry technology package containing improved chicken breeds, improved poultry feeding, housing, watering and disease control. This study was conducted to characterize the adoption status of the technology package elements, chicken breeds and forms in different agro-ecological zones of central Oromia Region, Ethiopia. One hundred eighteen (180) village poultry technology package participants were used for this study. Structured questionnaire, field observations and focus group discussion were employed to collect detail information. The study revealed that respondents received 4.7(0.80) pullets with cockerel and 10.1(1.25) only pullets for the technology but their demands were 64.0(6.11) and 97.9(16.27) pullets with cockerels and only pullets, respectively. As compared with other technology elements, improved chicken breed adoption was better. The overall adoption level of the technology elements was 39.4%, where better adoption (48.3%) was in the highland and the least (33.3%) was in the lowland agro-ecologies. The mean adoption index was not significant among the study agro-ecologies. The overall adoption index of the technology was 0.34(0.03). In conclusion, the adoption level of technology is categorized as low level. Therefore, to improve the technology adoption, much effort is needed from concerned organizations, professionals and famers. Keywords: Adoption; Technology element; Technology form; Package; Village poultry

Control of aquatic leeches (Lymnatis nilotica) using Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) in Sodo District, Gurage Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, Ethiopia

Infestation of cattle by leeches and occasional attack of humans is becoming serious problem in some parts of the country. The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of leech in selected streams in Sodo district, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region and to evaluate the efficacy of endod on leech in field condition and its impact on other non-target aquatic fauna following the request of the district craving for intervention. Estimation of prevalence of leech was assessed before application; 24 hrs, 10 days and 30 days post application of endod based on the number of leeches collected per person per 5 minutes. Findings from interview of the local communities revealed that 95% of the respondents rated leech as the major animal health problem in the district and 65% of them have seen human infested by leech at least once in their life. The mean leech count per person per 5 minutes before application of endod ranged from 16.8-38 in different streams. Stock solution of endod berries suspended in water for 16 hrs was continuously applied to various streams so as to maintain concentration of 20 g/m3 of water for 6 hrs. Application of endod caused mortality of most of the leech population resulting in 97-100% reduction which persisted for minimum of 30 days post application in most of the streams. Most of the local communities witnessed that endod rendered the treated water bodies free of leech for 2-3 months. It has also caused mortality of tadpoles, frogs and round worms found in streams while it doesn’t cause any visible toxicity to different water insects. Moreover, no livestock toxicity due to endod was recorded post application. In conclusion, endod can be used to control leech without causing serious toxicity to most of the aquatic fauna, human and livestock with continuous application for 6 hrs at concentration of 20 g/m3. However, care should be taken in using appropriate concentration and it should not be used in water bodies that contain fish because it is toxic to fish at the dose required to control leeches. Keywords: Aquatic Leech/Lymnatis nilotica; Cattle; Phytolacca dodecandra/Endod; Stream; Sodo distric

Ten golden rules for optimal antibiotic use in hospital settings: the WARNING call to action

Antibiotics are recognized widely for their benefits when used appropriately. However, they are often used inappropriately despite the importance of responsible use within good clinical practice. Effective antibiotic treatment is an essential component of universal healthcare, and it is a global responsibility to ensure appropriate use. Currently, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to develop new antibiotics due to scientific, regulatory, and financial barriers, further emphasizing the importance of appropriate antibiotic use. To address this issue, the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery established an international multidisciplinary task force of 295 experts from 115 countries with different backgrounds. The task force developed a position statement called WARNING (Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance National/International Network Group) aimed at raising awareness of antimicrobial resistance and improving antibiotic prescribing practices worldwide. The statement outlined is 10 axioms, or “golden rules,” for the appropriate use of antibiotics that all healthcare workers should consistently adhere in clinical practice

Level of satisfaction among patients on nursing care at yekatit 12 hospital medical college, Addis ababa, Ethiopia, 2018

Background: Patient satisfaction is an attitude resulting from a person’s general orientation to an experience. Most of studies tried to measure overall satisfaction with holistic services given to patients and confined only to outpatient services. Objective: This study was aimed at comparing the satisfaction level of patients among inpatients with outpatients on nursing care in Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods: A comparative cross sectional study design was used to compare the satisfaction level of patients in outpatient versus inpatient departments of Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, from June to July 2018. A total of 80 inpatients and 80 outpatient participants were sampled on the basis of convenience sampling. Data was collected with a pre-tested interviewer administered structured questionnaire. Analysis was carried out with SPSS version 21 software. Independent t-test was used to make comparison between the two groups, considering p&lt;0.05 as a level of significance. Results: Fifty-seven percent of inpatient participants and 42% of outpatient participants were females. Sixty-two percent of inpatients and 67% of outpatient participants reported to have a monthly income of 1500 birr and more. Fifty-three percent’s of outpatients and 38% of inpatients were satisfied. There was a statistically significant difference in level of satisfaction between the two groups on nursing care at p&lt;0.05. Participants in outpatient department had a higher level (mean+SD, 20+7.16) of satisfaction than participants in the inpatient departments (mean+SD, 17+5.66) at p&lt;0.05. Conclusion: Findings of this study revealed that there was a significant difference in level of client satisfaction between inpatient versus outpatient. Satisfaction was higher among outpatient than inpatient groups, at p&lt;0.05. Large scale studies are recommended to evaluate what actually happened to other areas of health sector.</jats:p

Change Leadership Practices at the University of Khartoum, Sudan

This study aimed to examine change leadership practices at the University of Khartoum with a major purpose of enhancing the importance and understanding of change leadership practices at the University of Khartoum. This study tried to capture staff members' perception of the creating a climate for change, engaging and enabling the whole organization and implementing and sustaining change. In doing so, a survey research design was employed. Data were collected using questionnaire from university's staff members. The result shows high level of change leadership practices in the University of Khartoum with its different dimensions. Consequently, creating a climate for change has practiced in the University of Khartoum. The University of Khartoum has engaged and enabled the whole organization in the change process. The findings indicate that the University of Khartoum has implemented and sustained change process. Besides, no statistically significant difference between the male and female groups in the extent of change leadership practices. Therefore, it was reflected that the university leaders should make a strong case for the necessity of the change prior to implementation. Overall, the vision, strategies and objectives of the University of Khartoum should involve the importance of change. In addition, extra efforts should be made to maintain change leadership culture in the University of Khartoum

Covid-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Background The Coronavirus Disease-2019 pandemic impacted the everyday lives of the global population whereas a considerable proportion of people are offhand of taking the vaccine. And hence this study assessed the overall level of vaccine acceptance in Ethiopia. Methods Database search for articles was made systematically across Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Hinari, EMBASE, Boolean operator, and PubMed. Selection, screening, reviewing, and data extraction was made by two reviewers independently using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS) and the Joanna Briggs Institute prevalence critical appraisal tools were used to assess the quality of evidence. All studies conducted in Ethiopia, reporting vaccine acceptance were incorporated. The extracted data were imported into the Comprehensive meta-analysis version3.0 for further analysis. Publication bias was checked by using Beggs and Eggers tests. Heterogeneity was checked by Higgins’s method. A random-effects meta-analysis model with a 95% confidence interval was computed to estimate the pooled effect size (prevalence). Furthermore, subgroup analysis based on the study area and sample size was done</jats:p

Machining Performance of AA2024/5Al2O3/5Gr Hybrid Composites under Al2O3 Mixed Dielectric Medium

In this research work, AA2024/5Al2O3/5Gr hybrid composites fabricated through stir casting were machined utilising an electric discharge machine (EDM). Experiments were performed by varying current, pulse on time (POT), gap voltage (GV), and Al2O3 powder concentration (PC). The experiments were designed using response surface methodology in which material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR), and surface roughness (Ra) were recorded as responses. The addition of Al2O3 particles has a positive impact on MRR and Ra, whereas it has a negative impact on TWR. The interaction impact of process parameters (p-p) on responses was thoroughly analyzed using contour plots. A mathematical model was developed and validated for all the responses. The experimental results were compared with the predicted values. It was found that all the values have a maximum deviation of 3.5%. The ANOVA table reveals that the PC was the most influential factor followed by the current

Machining Performance of AA2024/5Al2O3/5Gr Hybrid Composites under Al2O3 Mixed Dielectric Medium

In this research work, AA2024/5Al2O3/5Gr hybrid composites fabricated through stir casting were machined utilising an electric discharge machine (EDM). Experiments were performed by varying current, pulse on time (POT), gap voltage (GV), and Al2O3 powder concentration (PC). The experiments were designed using response surface methodology in which material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR), and surface roughness (Ra) were recorded as responses. The addition of Al2O3 particles has a positive impact on MRR and Ra, whereas it has a negative impact on TWR. The interaction impact of process parameters (p-p) on responses was thoroughly analyzed using contour plots. A mathematical model was developed and validated for all the responses. The experimental results were compared with the predicted values. It was found that all the values have a maximum deviation of 3.5%. The ANOVA table reveals that the PC was the most influential factor followed by the current.</jats:p