Habitable Planet Formation in Binary-Planetary Systems

Recent radial velocity observations have indicated that Jovian-type planets can exist in moderately close binary star systems. Numerical simulations of the dynamical stability of terrestrial-class planets in such environments have shown that, in addition to their giant planets, these systems can also harbor Earth-like objects. In this paper, we study the late stage of terrestrial planet formation in such binary-planetary systems, and present the results of the simulations of the formation of Earth-like bodies in their habitable zones. We consider a circumprimary disk of Moon- to Mars-sized objects and numerically integrate the orbits of these bodies at the presence of the Jovian-type planet of the system and for different values of the mass, semimajor axis, and orbital eccentricity of the secondary star. Results indicate that, Earth-like objects, with substantial amounts of water, can form in the habitable zone of the primary star. Simulations also indicate that, by transferring angular momentum from the secondary star to protoplanetary objects, the giant planet of the system plays a key role in the radial mixing of these bodies and the water contents of the final terrestrial planets. We will discuss the results of our simulation and show that the formation of habitable planets in binary-planetary systems is more probable in binaries with moderate to large perihelia.Comment: 27 pages, 11 figures, submitted for publicatio

Pengaruh Pemberian Probiotik sebagai Aditif Pakan terhadap Kadar Kolesterol, High Density Lipoprotein (Hdl) dan Low Density Lipoprotein (Ldl) dalam Darah Ayam Kampung

Probiotic is a supllement feed mikrobia which beneficial for cattle to keep mikrobia balance in gut. Giving probiotic can keep the composition mikrobia in digestive tract of cattle to increase the power of gastrointestinal tract and keep healty of cattle. The aims of research was to measure the levels of cholesterol, HDL and LDL in blood of indigenous chicken with given as probiotics feed additive. This study used Day Old Chick (DOC) of 200 chicken with initial body weight of an average of 33.58 ± 0.8 grams, antikoagulen, EDTA, Vacuntainer, Centrifuge. Probiotics used which are the kind of mold. The composition of basal feed are metabolizable energy (ME) 2750 kcal, 20.9% crude protein, 6.260% fat. Experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments with 5 replicates, each experimental unit 20. The treatment was dose of probiotic T0 without probiotics addition, applied 0.25 g probiotic / 100 g (T1), 0.50 g probiotic / 100 (T2), 0.75 g probiotic / 100 g (T3). The results showed that addition of probiotics affected (P <0.05) to the levels of Cholesterol, HDL, LDL. The average HDL levels each treatment T0, T1, T2 and T3 were 41,440; 45,920; 48,440 and 50,440 mg/dl respectively. The average LDL levels each treatment T0, T1, T2 and T3 were 78,089; 70,550; 45,677; and 47,011 mg/dl respectively. The average Cholesterol levels each treatment T0, T1, T2 and T3 were 163,529; 160,000; 132,941; and 131,764 mg/dl respectively. The emelutions the addition of probiotics increased levels of HDL, decreased levels of LDL and cholesterol in indigenous chickens

Pengaruh Pemberian Probiotik Terhadap Trigliserida Darah, Lemak Abdominal, Bobot Dan Panjang Saluran Pencernaan Ayam Kampung

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of probiotics in the ration on levels of serum triglycerides, abdominal fat weight, the weight and length of chicken digestive organs. The research was conducted in October through December 2011 in the poultry cage of Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Agriculture, Diponegoro University, Semarang.The material used in this study is Day Old Chick (DOC) of 200 chicken with initial body weight of an average of 33.58 ± 0.8 grams. Probiotics used are type of mold with each dose of 0.25 g, 0.50 g, and 0.75 g per 100 g ration. The feed used in this study has metabolizable energy (ME) 2750 kcal, 20.9% crude protein, 6.260% fat. Experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments with 5 replicates, each experimental unit 20. Treatment applied in this study is the addition of 0.25 g probiotic / 100 g ration for T1, the addition of 0.50 g probiotic / 100 g ration for T2, the addition of 0.75 g probiotic / 100 g ration for T3, and T0 without probiotics addition.The results showed that addition of probiotics in the ration significantly affected (P <0.05) the levels of serum triglycerides. In treatment T3 was the lowest levels of serum triglycerides and significantly different from T0, T1, and T2. Abdominal fat weight in treatment T1, T2, T3 was not significantly different (P> 0.05) to the control (T0). Digestive organ weights in treatment T0 significantly different (P <0.05) for T2, but not significantly different from T1 and T3. The length of the digestive organs are not significantly different at T0 to T1, T2, and T3. The conclusion of this research is the use of probiotics in chicken rations is capable in lowering serum triglyceride levels but did not affect the weight of abdominal fat. Adding probiotics in chicken rations can increase the digestive organ weight, but not on the length of the organ. The lowest serum triglyceride levels obtained at the level probiotics 0.75 g/100 g (T3). Digestive organ weights obtained at the highest level of probiotics 0.50 g/100 g (T2)

The contamination of the surface of Vesta by impacts and the delivery of the dark material

The Dawn spacecraft observed the presence of dark material, which in turn proved to be associated with OH and H-rich material, on the surface of Vesta. The source of this dark material has been identified with the low albedo asteroids, but it is still a matter of debate whether the delivery of the dark material is associated with a few large impact events, to micrometeorites or to the continuous, secular flux of impactors on Vesta. The continuous flux scenario predicts that a significant fraction of the exogenous material accreted by Vesta should be due to non-dark impactors likely analogous to ordinary chondrites, which instead represent only a minor contaminant in the HED meteorites. We explored the continuous flux scenario and its implications for the composition of the vestan regolith, taking advantage of the data from the Dawn mission and the HED meteorites. We used our model to show that the stochastic events scenario and the micrometeoritic flux scenario are natural consequences of the continuous flux scenario. We then used the model to estimate the amounts of dark and hydroxylate materials delivered on Vesta since the LHB and we showed how our results match well with the values estimated by the Dawn mission. We used our model to assess the amount of Fe and siderophile elements that the continuous flux of impactors would mix in the vestan regolith: concerning the siderophile elements, we focused our attention on the role of Ni. The results are in agreement with the data available on the Fe and Ni content of the HED meteorites and can be used as a reference frame in future studies of the data from the Dawn mission and of the HED meteorites. Our model cannot yet provide an answer to the fate of the missing non-carbonaceous contaminants, but we discuss possible reasons for this discrepancy.Comment: 31 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication on the journal ICARUS, "Dark and Bright Materials on Vesta" special issu

Pengaruh Penambahan Probiotik Rhizopus Oryzae Terhadap Total Mikroba Usus Halus Dan Seka Ayam Kampung Periode Grower (the Effect of Probiotic Rhizopus Oryzae Administrationon the Total Number of Microbes in the Small Intestine and Caeca of Kampoeng Chicke

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotic Rhizopus oryzaeadministration on the total number of microbes in the smallintestine and caeca of kampoengchickens during the growerperiod. The study was conducted on 11 August to 11 October 2014 in the poultry farm at the Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University.The materials used in this study were 100 Day Old Chick (DOC) (unsexed) with initial body weight of 37.90 ± 1,36 g.The experiment was set asCompletely Randomized Design (CRD).The treatments consisted of T0 (control), T1 (0.1% addition of probiotic Rhizopus oryzae to the diet) and T2 (0.2% addition of probiotic Rhizopus oryzae to the diet).The results showed that addition of probioticRhizopus oryzae in the diet did not affect (P>0.05) the total number of microbesin the small intestine and caeca ofchicken during the grower period, but affected (P<0.05) the daily gain of chicken within 0-9 weeks.The highest daily gain was observed in T1 which was not different (P>0.05) from T2 but different (P<0.05) from T0.The conclusion of this study was the administration of Rhizopus oryzae with a dose of 0.1 % and 0.2 % in the chicken dietdid not increase the total number of microbes in the small intestine and caeca of kampong chickensduring the grower period, but the additionof Rhizopus oryzae could increase the daily gain at 0-9 weeks of age,at which the highest impact was observed when Rhizopus oryzae was added at 0.1 %

HIV-1 transcriptional silencing caused by TRIM22 inhibition of Sp1 binding to the viral promoter

Background: Intracellular defense proteins, also referred to as restriction factors, are capable of interfering with different steps of the viral life cycle. Among these, we have shown that Tripartite motif 22 (TRIM22) suppresses basal as well as phorbol ester-induced HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-mediated transcription, independently of its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) binding to the U3 region and Tat interaction with the TAR region of the HIV-1 LTR. As basal HIV-1 transcription is driven by the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1), we have investigated whether TRIM22 could interfere with Sp1-driven transcriptional activation of the HIV-1 LTR. Findings: 293T cells, devoid of endogenous TRIM22 expression, were transfected with a TRIM22-expressing plasmid together with reporter plasmids driven by the HIV-1 LTR promoter either containing or lacking Sp1 binding sites or with reporter plasmids driven by non-viral promoter sequences either containing or lacking the three Sp1 binding sites from the HIV-1 LTR. These reporter assays showed that TRIM22 efficiently inhibited Sp1-driven transcription. Knocking down TRIM22 expression in the CD4+ SupT1 T cell line increased the replication of Sp1-dependent HIV-1 variants. TRIM22 did not interact with Sp1, but prevented binding of Sp1 to the HIV-1 promoter, as demonstrated in protein-DNA pull down and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Conclusion: TRIM22 acts as a suppressor of basal HIV-1 LTR-driven transcription by preventing Sp1 binding to the HIV-1 promoter

Bark beetle population dynamics in the Anthropocene: Challenges and solutions

Tree-killing bark beetles are the most economically important insects in conifer forests worldwide. However, despite N200 years of research, the drivers of population eruptions and crashes are still not fully understood and the existing knowledge is thus insufficient to face the challenges posed by the Anthropocene. We critically analyze potential biotic and abiotic drivers of population dynamics of an exemplary species, the European spruce bark beetle (ESBB) (Ips typographus) and present a multivariate approach that integrates the many drivers governing this bark beetle system. We call for hypothesis-driven, large-scale collaborative research efforts to improve our understanding of the population dynamics of this and other bark beetle pests. Our approach can serve as a blueprint for tackling other eruptive forest insects

Mapping Vesta: First Results from Dawn’s Survey Orbit

The geologic objectives of the Dawn Mission [1] are to derive Vesta’s shape, map the surface geology, understand the geological context and contribute to the determination of the asteroids’ origin and evolution.Geomorphology and distribution of surface features will provide evidence for impact cratering, tectonic activity, volcanism, and regolith processes. Spectral measurements of the surface will provide evidence of the compositional characteristics of geological units. Age information, as derived from crater sizefrequency distributions, provides the stratigraphic context for the structural and compositional mapping results, thus revealing the geologic history of Vesta. We present here the first results of the Dawn mission from data collected during the approach to Vesta, and its first discrete orbit phase – the Survey Orbit, which lasts 21 days after the spacecraft had established a circular polar orbit at a radius of ~3000 km with a beta angle of 10°-15°

The role of planetary formation and evolution in shaping the composition of exoplanetary atmospheres

Over the last twenty years, the search for extrasolar planets revealed us the rich diversity of the outcomes of the formation and evolution of planetary systems. In order to fully understand how these extrasolar planets came to be, however, the orbital and physical data we possess are not enough, and they need to be complemented with information on the composition of the exoplanets. Ground-based and space-based observations provided the first data on the atmospheric composition of a few extrasolar planets, but a larger and more detailed sample is required before we can fully take advantage of it. The primary goal of the Exoplanet Characterization Observatory (EChO) is to fill this gap, expanding the limited data we possess by performing a systematic survey of hundreds of extrasolar planets. The full exploitation of the data that EChO and other space-based and ground-based facilities will provide in the near future, however, requires the knowledge of what are the sources and sinks of the chemical species and molecules that will be observed. Luckily, the study of the past history of the Solar System provides several indications on the effects of processes like migration, late accretion and secular impacts, and on the time they occur in the life of planetary systems. In this work we will review what is already known about the factors influencing the composition of planetary atmospheres, focusing on the case of gaseous giant planets, and what instead still need to be investigated.Comment: 26 pages, 9 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication on Experimental Astronomy, special issue on the M3 EChO mission candidat