Hydrologie et morphologie de l’estuaire du fleuve Sassandra, Basse Côte d’Ivoire

Les études physico-chimiques des eaux de surface et de sub-surface et les levés bathymétriques effectués dans l’estuaire du fleuve Sassandra, ont permis de caractériser l’hydrologie et la morphologie du fond de cet embouchure. Sur toute la surface d’eau le pH est proche de la neutralité, la conductivité est comprise entre 50 et 200μs/cm, avec une température moyenne de 28,91°C. La salinité de l’estuaire augmente au fur et à mesure que l’on s’approche de l’océan Atlantique. Sa valeur est comprise entre 0 et 4%. Le taux d’oxygène, très faible à l’embouchure avec une valeur de 2 mg /L contre 8,30 mg/L dans la branche droite du fleuve couverte par la végétation. Les Matières En Suspension (MES) analysées sont constituées d’une fraction inorganique de quartz, feldspath, amphibole, mica, argiles, etc...et d’une fraction organique constituée de débris animaux et végétaux. Cette étude a permis de réaliser les cartes bathymétriques et la répartition des paramètres physico-chimiques, ainsi que la détermination des dépressions et les processus d’érosions au fond de l’estuaire du fleuve Sassandra.Mots-clés: hydrologie, bathymétrie, paramètres physico-chimiques, fleuve Sassandra, Côte d’Ivoire. Hydrology and morphology of the estuary of the Sassandrariver (Low Côte d’Ivoire) The physico-chemical studies of waters of surface and sub-surface and the bathymetric sunrises made in the estuary of theSassandrariver, allowed to characterize the hydrology and the morphology of the bottom of this mouth. On all the surface of water the pH is close to the neutrality, the conductivity is between 50 and 200μs/cm, with an average temperature of 28,91°C. The salinity of the estuary increases as we approach the Atlantic Ocean. His value is between 0 and 4%. The rate of oxygen, very low in the mouth with a value of 2 mg / L against 8,30 mg / L in the straight branch of the river covered by the vegetation. Suspension materials (MES) analyzed are constituted by an inorganic fraction of quartz, feldspar, amphibole, mica and clays etc. and of an organic fraction constituted by animal and plant fragments. This study allowed to realize the bathymetric maps and the distribution of the physico-chemical parameters, as well as the determination of the depressions and the processes of erosions at the bottom of the estuary of the Sassandra river.Keywords: hydrology, bathymetry, physico-chemical parameters, Sassandra river, Côte d’Ivoire

The Engagement of Informal Social Organisations in Social Security Mobilisation in Tanzania

Formal social security is helpful to the general population, especially during a post-retirement time and when they have been affected in ways that make them unable to work due to medical or physical conditions. About 95 per cent of the people working in the informal economy are not members of the social National Social Security Fund (NSSF). Some of them have formulated social organisations that are offering informal social services. The central argument of this paper is that can we use these informally arranged social security organisations can be used by the relevant authorities to mobilise people to join formal social security schemes. The study uses the private saving theory to answer this question. Through qualitative interviews, data were collected from 14 members, including the bodaboda association, food vending network, and fisheries group, to find the possibility of mobilising social security schemes through these social organisations. Findings show that the national social security fund can cover most informal actors to reach the casual workers through their existing informal groups such as the bodaboda association, food vending network, and fishing saving groups. Since the informal actors have shown significant dependency on and trust their associations, networks, and groups, it would be easy for NSSF and the likes to cover this sector for easy contribution to these reliable social security schemes. It is, thus, recommended that informal economy actors continue to use associations for their income protection; yet, through these organisations, link up with the more reliable national social security funds such as NSSF when arrangements are made for them

Ocean swell variability along the northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea

This study analyses a 4.5 year (September 2009-March 2014) time-series of remotely-sensed data of altimeter significant wave heights to describe the temporal and spatial variability of ocean swells along the northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea. The NOAA WAVEWATCH III (NWW3) wave model data were used with altimeter data to determine the origin of the swells that occur along the coast of Cote d'Ivoire in West Africa. We show that the ocean swells along the northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea are generated in the Southern Ocean and then propagate from south to north in the South Atlantic Ocean, before turning south-west to north-east close to the coast. This finding corroborates previous studies in this area. The remotely-sensed and NWW3 significant wave height data captured the strong swells observed along the coast of Cote d'Ivoire from the period 28 August-3 September 2011, which were responsible for an extreme erosion event of more than 12 m along that country's coastline. This extreme event was triggered by a strong storm in the region between 40 degrees and 60 degrees S that occurred eight days previously in the South Atlantic. The waves propagated as swells at a speed of about 875 km day(-1) before reaching the northern African coast

The Engagement of Informal Social Organisations in Social Security Mobilisation in Tanzania

Formal social security is helpful to the general population, especially during a post-retirement time and when they have been affected in ways that make them unable to work due to medical or physical conditions. About 95 per cent of the people working in the informal economy are not members of the social National Social Security Fund (NSSF). Some of them have formulated social organisations that are offering informal social services. The central argument of this paper is that can we use these informally arranged social security organisations can be used by the relevant authorities to mobilise people to join formal social security schemes. The study uses the private saving theory to answer this question. Through qualitative interviews, data were collected from 14 members, including the bodaboda association, food vending network, and fisheries group, to find the possibility of mobilising social security schemes through these social organisations. Findings show that the national social security fund can cover most informal actors to reach the casual workers through their existing informal groups such as the bodaboda association, food vending network, and fishing saving groups. Since the informal actors have shown significant dependency on and trust their associations, networks, and groups, it would be easy for NSSF and the likes to cover this sector for easy contribution to these reliable social security schemes. It is, thus, recommended that informal economy actors continue to use associations for their income protection; yet, through these organisations, link up with the more reliable national social security funds such as NSSF when arrangements are made for them

Inclusion of informal economic actors in voluntary social security schemes: A study of motorcycle taxi service (bodaboda) in Dar es Salaam

This study explores and organizes the informal motorcycle transport operators to understand how motorcycle taxi service (boda-boda) riders join or refrain from becoming members of social security schemes that provide social protection. The study examines the perceptions of boda-boda actors toward voluntary contribution to social security schemes. The study employed a case study research design whereby qualitative methods were used to collect data through face-to-face interviews with motorcycle operators in Dar es Salaam. Motorcycle operators seem to be a lucrative employment sector for many youths and provide informal mobility services for urban residents; the activity faces many safety risks, physical disability from accidents, motorcycle theft, unreliable incomes and job insecurity; yet many are not members of the formal social security system. The study found that motorcycle operators established savings associations as social security institutions. These social security associations provide loans, moral and psychosocial support to members. The findings further indicate that flexible association norms and swift access to social security support in an event one has had a misfortune such as an accident or sickness make most association members prefer the association rather than formal social security schemes. This calls for legal, social security to adopt operational conditions that provide swift support to its members and the need for them to support and collaborate with these informal social security associations

Exploring Social Protection Opportunities through Everyday Navigations of Women Informal Workers: The Case of Buguruni Food Vending Network in Dar Es Salaam

The contribution of social networks in providing insurance against various urban vulnerabilities cannot be underestimated among workers. Urban residents working in the informal sector face everyday challenges related to public spaces and harassment from police and local authorities, low incomes, and poverty when they cannot work due to sickness or accidents. Women workers face additional hardships due to their reproductive roles when choosing between going to work or caring for children or their health during maternity periods. Social networks have a significant role in cushioning the urban residents against financial insecurity, ultimately reducing the harsh outcomes of insecure employment activities and poverty. This paper intends to highlight how such social networks assist in insurance against risks associated with working on the streets. The study adopted a qualitative technique to collect Buguruni Food vending network data. Interviews (47 participants), documentary reviews and non-participatory field observation were applied. Findings showed increasing evidence that networks are critical to poor people due to their flexible operations and significant contributions to promoting access to capital required to boost food vending operations. Since communities are vulnerable to risks, social networks have become one of the essential factors for reducing the shock or stress to members. Social networks play a significant role in initiating collective solutions that have an effect and, in the end, influence change in the community. Eventually, the initiative is undertaken as a community plan.</jats:p

Exploring Social Protection Opportunities through Everyday Navigations of Women Informal Workers: the Case of Buguruni Food Vending Network in Dar Es Salaam

The contribution of social networks in providing insurance against various urban vulnerabilities cannot be underestimated among workers. Urban residents working in the informal sector face everyday challenges related to public spaces and harassment from police and local authorities, low incomes, and poverty when they cannot work due to sickness or accidents. Women workers face additional hardships due to their reproductive roles when choosing between going to work or caring for children or their health during maternity periods. Social networks have a significant role in cushioning the urban residents against financial insecurity, ultimately reducing the harsh outcomes of insecure employment activities and poverty. This paper intends to highlight how such social networks assist in insurance against risks associated with working on the streets. The study adopted a qualitative technique to collect Buguruni Food vending network data. Interviews (47 participants), documentary reviews and non-participatory field observation were applied. Findings showed increasing evidence that networks are critical to poor people due to their flexible operations and significant contributions to promoting access to capital required to boost food vending operations. Since communities are vulnerable to risks, social networks have become one of the essential factors for reducing the shock or stress to members. Social networks play a significant role in initiating collective solutions that have an effect and, in the end, influence change in the community. Eventually, the initiative is undertaken as a community plan

Effect (s) of dieldrin on plasma testosterone and plasma luitenizing hormone in male rats

The effect (s) of organochloride pesticides on the reproductive system of adult male vertebrates are inconclusively known. In the present study, we investigated the effect (s) of feeding dieldrin spiked diet to adult male rats on the plasma levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone. We fed either dieldrin free diet or dieldrin spiked diet (5mg or 10mg/kg body weight) for 20 days ad libitum. Dieldrin did not affect body, weight gain and plasma testosterone and LH levels (P> 0.05). In summary our results indicate that dieldrin when administered orally at less than month duration does not decrease the plasma levels of testosterone and LH in male ratsThe effect(s) of organochloride pesticides on the reproductive system of adult male vertebrates are inconclusively known. In the present study, we investigated the effect(s) of feeding dieldrin spiked diet to adult male rats on the plasma levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone. We fed either dieldrin free diet or dieldrin spiked diet (5mg or 10mg/kg body weight) for 20 days ad libitum. Dieldrin did not affect body, weight gain and plasma testosterone and LH levels (P> 0.05). In summary our results indicate that dieldrin when administered orally at less than month duration does not decrease the plasma levels of testosterone and LH in male rat

Effect (s) of dieldrin on plasma testosterone and plasma luitenizing hormone in male rats

The effect (s) of organochloride pesticides on the reproductive system of adult male vertebrates are inconclusively known. In the present study, we investigated the effect (s) of feeding dieldrin spiked diet to adult male rats on the plasma levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone. We fed either dieldrin free diet or dieldrin spiked diet (5mg or 10mg/kg body weight) for 20 days ad libitum. Dieldrin did not affect body, weight gain and plasma testosterone and LH levels (P> 0.05). In summary our results indicate that dieldrin when administered orally at less than month duration does not decrease the plasma levels of testosterone and LH in male ratsThe effect(s) of organochloride pesticides on the reproductive system of adult male vertebrates are inconclusively known. In the present study, we investigated the effect(s) of feeding dieldrin spiked diet to adult male rats on the plasma levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone. We fed either dieldrin free diet or dieldrin spiked diet (5mg or 10mg/kg body weight) for 20 days ad libitum. Dieldrin did not affect body, weight gain and plasma testosterone and LH levels (P> 0.05). In summary our results indicate that dieldrin when administered orally at less than month duration does not decrease the plasma levels of testosterone and LH in male rat

Health Security Planning: Developing the Cameroon National Action Plan for Health Security

The health security planning process transforms recommendations from various evaluations into priority actions tostrengthen countries’ capacity for emergency preparedness using the One Health approach. Although the World HealthOrganization (WHO) has developed many tools to facilitate the planning process of a National Action Plan for HealthSecurity (NAPHS) across the various components, a series of multisectoral workshops is still needed to complete theprocess. In this article, we report on the process of developing Cameroon’s NAPHS and propose an innovative solutionto improve the process. The NAPHS development process was conducted from May to December 2018. The WHONAPHS framework, adapted to the local context, guided the process. The WHO planning matrix was used to planactivities and the WHO NAPHS costing tool was used to facilitate the costing exercise. A total of 84 Joint ExternalEvaluation recommendations were translated into activities included in Cameroon’s NAPHS. Among these activities, themajority (56%) were of medium priority. The total cost of a 5-year NAPHS was US$87,668,356, with almost half(49%) of the budget allocated to activities in the ‘‘Prevent’’ category and more than a third (35%) allocated to the‘‘Detect’’ category. The top 3 cost drivers were immunization (22%), the national laboratory system (21%), andantimicrobial resistance (16%). The NAPHS informed policymakers of planned activities and funding needs to fast-trackthe development of health security capacities. Running gaps in funding will be addressed during a resource mappingexercise. To improve the overall planning process, a web-based support solution, where stakeholders select from a menuof recommendations from the Joint External Evaluation to develop a NAPHS, should be developed to improve theNAPHS development process.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe