Electrodeposition of copper on copper single crystal (100) face in presence of chloride ions

Observations of copper electrodeposits on to the (100) plane of copper was made from highly purified solutions of copper sulphate containing known concentration of hydrochloric acid from 10−10 to 10−1 m/L. In pure solutions at current densities of 5 and 10 mA/cm.2 layers and pyramids were noticed. In the presence of hydrochloric acid of concentration 10−9 to 10−5 m/L there is a gradual decrease of distance between successive steps. At 10−4 m/L of HCl there was the breaking of layers giving rise to ridge type of growth. With the increase of concentration to 3·5×10−3 m/L pyramids appear again. On increasing the concentration of HCl to 10−2 m/L there was the formation of triangular pyramids of cuprous chloride and on still increasing the concentration, polycrystalline type of deposit was noticed. The transition from layer to ridge, ridge to pyramids and to polycrystalline deposit occurs at all c.d. studied but the critical concentration of HCl needed for the transition depends upon the current density. Communicated by Prof. M. Santappa,f.a.sc

Growth of Cu2Cl2 and Cu2Br2 on single crystal faces and polycrystalline copper during dissolution in CuSO4 + H2SO4

Cu2Cl2 and Cu2Br2 precipitate and crystallise in the form of triangular pyramids and dendrites when Cu is immersed in aerated, acid CuSO4 solution containing HC1 or HBr. The critical concentration of HC1 or HBr for this precipitation depends on the surface of the copper: Poly-crystalline < (110) < (100) < (111). In the deaerated solution there is no precipitation of Cu2Cl or Cu2Br2 even at a high concentration of HC1 or HBr when only preferential etching occurs

Prevalence and treatment patterns of psoriatic arthritis in the UK.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of PsA in The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a large population-based medical records database in the UK, to examine factors associated with prevalent PsA among patients with psoriasis and to describe the use of DMARDs in patients with PsA. METHODS: Two cohorts were derived from THIN to examine the prevalence of PsA in a cross-sectional study among all patients aged 18-90 years and among a subcohort of 4900 psoriasis patients aged 45-65 years. Prescription codes were used to describe therapies after the diagnosis of PsA. Associations for prevalent PsA among psoriasis patients were assessed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 4.8 million patients in THIN between the ages of 18 and 90 years, 9045 patients had at least one medical code for PsA, giving an overall prevalence of 0.19% (95% CI 0.19%, 0.19%). Of those patients, 45.9% with PsA have been prescribed DMARDs. Among the 4064 confirmed psoriasis patients, the prevalence of PsA was 8.6% (95% CI 7.7%, 9.5%). PsA was more prevalent among patients with severe psoriasis [odds ratio (OR) 3.34; 95% CI 2.40, 4.65], obesity (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.30, 2.41) and duration of psoriasis for ≥10 years (OR 7.42; 95% CI 3.86, 14.25) in the fully adjusted model. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PsA in THIN is consistent with previous population-based estimates. Limitations include a definition of PsA based on a diagnostic code rather than Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR) criteria. Given the large population of PsA patients, THIN is an important resource for the study of PsA

Underwater Breathing Apparatus

An independent closed circuit regenerative type of breathing apparatus has been developed for isolating the respiratory tract from the ambient medium for use during breathing by personnel working in underwater or polluted atmosphere. An oxygen reducer is used in the design of this apparatus for catering to the required flows of oxygen for breathing during use of the apparatus and thus avoiding oxygen poisoning. The paper describes some of the salient aspects of the breathing apparatus to be deployed for submariners and other diving personnel of the Indian Navy and its potential usefulness as a life saving equipment

Impact of deep or ovarian endometriosis on pelvic pain and quality of life: prospective cross-sectional ultrasound study

Objective: To assess whether premenopausal women diagnosed with deep or ovarian endometriosis on transvaginal sonography (TVS) were more likely to suffer from dyspareunia and pelvic pain symptoms, and have a lower quality of life, compared to women without sonographically diagnosed deep or ovarian endometriosis. Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study carried out between February 2019 and October 2020 at the general gynecology clinic at University College London Hospital, London, UK. All premenopausal women aged 18–50 years, who were examined consecutively by a single experienced examiner and underwent a detailed TVS scan, were eligible for inclusion. Pregnant women and those who had received a previous diagnosis of endometriosis or who had experienced a hysterectomy or unilateral/bilateral oophorectomy were excluded. Sonographic findings consistent with deep or ovarian endometriosis were noted. All women completed the British Society of Gynaecological Endoscopy pelvic pain questionnaire. The primary outcome was to determine whether women with sonographic evidence of endometriosis were more likely to experience moderate-to-severe levels of dyspareunia (score of ≥ 4 on an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS)). Secondary outcomes included assessing moderate-to-severe levels of other pelvic pain symptoms (NRS score of ≥ 4), bowel symptoms (score of ≥ 2 on a 5-point Likert scale) and quality of life, which was measured using the EuroQol-5D-3L (EQ-5D) questionnaire. The number of women with pain scores ≥ 4 and bowel scores ≥ 2, as well as the mean EQ-5D scores, were compared between the group with and that without sonographic evidence of endometriosis using logistic regression analysis, and multivariable analysis was used to adjust for demographic and clinical variables. Results: A total of 514 women were included in the final study population, of whom 146 (28.4%) were diagnosed with deep or ovarian endometriosis on TVS. On multivariable analysis, the presence of moderate-to-severe dyspareunia was not found to be associated with endometriosis. Moderate-to-severe dyspareunia was significantly associated with lower age (odds ratio (OR), 0.70 (95% CI, 0.56–0.89); P = 0.003) and a history of migraine (OR, 3.52 (95% CI, 1.42–8.77); P = 0.007), and it occurred significantly less frequently in women with non-endometriotic ovarian cysts (OR, 0.47 (95% CI, 0.28–0.78); P = 0.003). There was also a trend towards a positive association between anxiety/depression and moderate-to-severe dyspareunia (OR, 1.94 (95% CI, 0.93–4.03); P = 0.08). Following multivariable analysis, the only symptoms that were significantly more common in women with endometriosis compared to those without were menstrual dyschezia (OR, 2.44 (95% CI, 1.59–3.78); P < 0.001) and difficulty emptying the bladder (OR, 2.56 (95% CI, 1.52–4.31); P < 0.001). Although not reaching statistical significance on multivariable analysis, dysmenorrhea (OR, 1.72 (95% CI, 0.92–3.20); P = 0.09) and lower EQ-5D score (mean ± SD, 0.67 ± 0.33 vs 0.72 ± 0.28; P = 0.06) also occurred more frequently in women with sonographic evidence of endometriosis. Conclusions: The majority of pelvic pain symptoms did not differ significantly between women with and those without sonographic evidence of endometriosis, indicating that endometriosis may not always be the source of pelvic pain, even if present. This highlights the need to rule out other causes of pain in symptomatic endometriosis patients before considering surgical procedures, and to provide appropriate patient counseling. © 2024 The Author(s). Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Prevalence of deep and ovarian endometriosis in women attending a general gynecology clinic: prospective cohort study

Objectives: To assess using transvaginal ultrasound the prevalence of deep and ovarian endometriosis in premenopausal women attending a general gynecology clinic. We also investigated whether the presence of endometriosis was associated with various demographic factors and other pelvic abnormalities. Methods: This was a prospective observational cohort study carried out between February 2019 and October 2020. Consecutive premenopausal women who attended our general gynecology clinic underwent pelvic ultrasound examination, performed by a single experienced operator. Pregnant women and those with a history of hysterectomy or oophorectomy were excluded. The primary outcome was the prevalence of deep and/or ovarian endometriosis. Secondary outcomes were the anatomical distribution of endometriotic lesions and the association of endometriosis with demographic characteristics and various pelvic abnormalities, which were analyzed using logistic regression and multivariable analysis. Results: A total of 1026 women were included in the final study sample, of whom 194 (18.9% (95% CI, 16.6–21.4%)) had sonographic evidence of deep and/or ovarian endometriosis. Of the 194 women diagnosed with endometriosis, 106 (54.6% (95% CI, 47.4–61.8%)) were diagnosed with endometriotic nodules only, 26 (13.4% (95% CI, 9.0–19.0%)) with ovarian endometriomas only, and 62 (32.0% (95% CI, 25.5–39.0%)) women had evidence of both. There was a total of 348 endometriotic nodules in 168 women, located most frequently in the retrocervical area (166/348; 47.7% (95% CI, 42.4–53.1%)), uterosacral ligaments (96/348; 27.6% (95% CI, 23.0–32.6%)) and bowel (40/348; 11.5% (95% CI, 8.3–15.3%)). Multivariable analysis found significant positive associations between endometriosis and both adenomyosis (odds ratio (OR), 1.72 (95% CI, 1.10–2.69); P = 0.02) and pelvic adhesions (OR, 25.7 (95% CI, 16.7–39.3); P < 0.001), whilst higher parity (OR, 0.44 (95% CI, 0.24–0.81); P = 0.03) and history of Cesarean section (OR, 0.18 (95% CI, 0.06–0.52); P = 0.002) were associated with a lower occurrence of endometriosis. A total of 75/1026 women (7.3% (95% CI, 5.8–9.1%)) underwent laparoscopy within 6 months of pelvic ultrasound examination. There was very good agreement between ultrasound and surgical findings, with a kappa value of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.69–0.99). Conclusions: Deep and/or ovarian endometriosis was present in nearly one in five women attending a general gynecology clinic. There were significant positive associations with adenomyosis and pelvic adhesions and negative associations with higher parity and previous Cesarean section

Absence of N-terminal acetyltransferase diversification during evolution of eukaryotic organisms

Protein N-terminal acetylation is an ancient and ubiquitous co-translational modification catalyzed by a highly conserved family of N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs). Prokaryotes have at least 3 NATs, whereas humans have six distinct but highly conserved NATs, suggesting an increase in regulatory complexity of this modification during eukaryotic evolution. Despite this, and against our initial expectations, we determined that NAT diversification did not occur in the eukaryotes, as all six major human NATs were most likely present in the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (LECA). Furthermore, we also observed that some NATs were actually secondarily lost during evolution of major eukaryotic lineages; therefore, the increased complexity of the higher eukaryotic proteome occurred without a concomitant diversification of NAT complexes

Drug utilization pattern among geriatrics according to anatomical therapeutic chemical and defined daily dose classification in a tertiary care hospital

Background: This study was conducted to determine the drug utilization pattern among geriatric inpatients in general medicine department of the hospital.Methods: An observational, prospective study was conducted for a period of six months (November 2016 to April 2017) among 200 geriatric patients; demographic details, education, occupation, diagnosis and drug details were recorded. The drugs were categorized by anatomical therapeutic classification (ATC) and defined daily dose (DDD) was calculated. The World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators were assessed.Results: The majority of the patients (59%) were in age group of 60-69 years. Cardiovascular diseases were common among geriatrics. Most commonly prescribed drug was Pantoprazole (81.7%). Drugs were assigned with ATC/DDD codes according to the guidelines of WHO. Drugs prescribed by their generic names were 56.64% and 43% of drugs that were included in the National Essential Medicines List.Conclusions: Clinical pharmacist have to collaborate and work together with physicians in selecting and adjusting the dose among geriatric population in order to reduce development of potential adverse drug reactions, serious drug related complications and drug interaction

Multi component one pot synthesis and characterization of derivatives of 2-amino-7,7- dimethyl-5-oxo-4-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile and study of anti-microbial activity

An efficient and convenient procedure has been described for one-pot multi-component synthesisof tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans known as 2-amino-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-4-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile which can be obtained from the reaction of substituted aromatic aldehydes, dimedone, malonitrile, in the presence of base such as potassium tertiary butoxide and THF in methanol as solvent at RT condition. All the compounds were examined by advanced spectroscopic data (1H NMR, 13C NMR and LCMS) and the structural determination was evaluated by elemental analysis. In addition to this, all the newly synthesized compounds were examined for their antibacterial activities and antifungal activity by disc diffusion method against the organism of Aspergillus niger and Candida ablicans L.               KEY WORDS: Aromatic aldehydes, Dimedone, Malonitrile, Potasium tertiary butoxide, 2-Amino-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-4-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile, Anti-microbial activity Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2018, 32(1), 133-138DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v32i1.1

Natural history of endometriosis in pregnancy: ultrasound study of morphology of deep endometriosis and ovarian endometrioma

Objective: To assess the morphological appearance of deep endometriosis and ovarian endometrioma in pregnancy using pelvic ultrasound examination. Methods: This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted over 3 years at University College London Hospital, which is a tertiary level referral unit for early pregnancy complications and an accredited endometriosis center. All women who participated provided written consent and were invited for surveillance ultrasound examination at the time of their routine scans in pregnancy. All scans were performed by a single operator to eliminate interobserver variability. The change in size of ovarian endometrioma and nodules was reported as change in their mean diameter. Ovarian endometrioma with irregular thick inner walls, hyperechoic papillary projections and/or high vascularity and hyperechoic nodules with moderate to high vascularity were reported as decidualized. Results: Sixty-five women with a live, normally sited pregnancy and concomitant ultrasound features of deep and/or ovarian endometriosis were included in the study. The median age of the study population was 34 (range, 23–44) years, and the median gestational age at presentation was 7 + 6 (range, 3 + 6 to 18 + 0) weeks. From the cohort, 47/65 (72%) were nulliparous, 48/65 (74%) had a previous diagnosis of endometriosis and 19/65 (29%) conceived via in-vitro fertilization. There were 10/65 (15% (95% CI, 7–24%)) women with ovarian endometrioma alone, 28/65 (43% (95% CI, 31–55%)) with endometriotic nodules alone and the remaining 27/65 (42% (95% CI, 30–54%)) had both. Of the women with ovarian endometrioma who underwent follow-up, 29/34 (85% (95% CI, 73–97%)) experienced cyst regression, 2/34 (6% (95% CI, 0–14%)) experienced cyst growth, and in 3/34 (9% (95% CI, 0.0–18%)) women, cyst size was unchanged. In 10/34 (29% (95% CI, 14–45%)), there was complete resolution of all cysts. Of the women with nodules who underwent follow-up, 43/51 (84% (95% CI, 74–94%)) experienced nodule regression, 2/51 (4% (95% CI, 0–9%)) experienced nodule growth and, in 6/51 (12% (95% CI, 3–21%)) women, nodule size was unchanged. In 4/51 (8% (95% CI, 0–15%)) women, there was complete resolution of all nodules. In 5/37 (14% (95% CI, 3–25%)) women who attended postnatal follow-up, complete resolution of all endometriotic lesions occurred during pregnancy. In 10/34 (29% (95% CI, 14–45%)) women with ovarian endometrioma and 27/51 (53% (95% CI, 39–67%)) women with nodules, a pattern of growth was observed in the first and second trimesters, followed by regression later in pregnancy. Features of decidualization were observed in 17/34 (50% (95% CI, 33–67%)) women with ovarian endometrioma, most commonly in the first trimester, and in 25/51 (49% (95% CI, 35–63%)) women with nodules, most commonly in the second trimester. Conclusions: For the majority of women, despite features of decidualization being common in the first and second trimesters, ovarian endometrioma and deep nodules regress during pregnancy. Morphological changes of endometriosis in pregnancy are difficult to differentiate from characteristics of malignant lesions. Better understanding of the appearance of endometriosis in pregnancy is vital to minimize intervention and help counsel women regarding their condition. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology