INTOLERANSI KAUM PURITAN PADA MASA KOLONIAL DI AMERIKA: DITINJAU DARI FILM THE SCARLET LETTER DAN THE CRUCIBLE (The Puritan Intolerance in the Colonial Period in America: as Reflected in The Scarlet Letter and The

The study discusses Puritans migration process and religious intolerance toward people of different divinity in American society, particulary in the 19 and 20 century. This study employs library research in which the data were gathered from some sources: books, journals, novels, films, and internet. Besides, this study was conducted under interdisciplinary approach such as historical, cultural, sociological, and micro to macro. The result of this study shows that the migration of Puritan society occured because they opposed absolute power of government and church. Having settled in Massachusetts, America in order to find the religious free¬dom, the Puritan started to exploit other\u27s religious freedom. Thus, the Puri¬tan democracy left in paradox. Hawthorne and Miller criticized the Puritan through their literary work. The Puritan hunted, exiled, executed people who did not have the same belief as they were. This kinds of ethic were against American\u27s democracy, equality, and freedom as written in the Declaration of Independence. Hawthorne and Miller also interpreted that religious behaviorevery¬one has a different belief although if s in the same religion. Thus, the Puritan intolerance indicated the tyranny behavior in the states which appreciate democracy and freedom for human being as a God creation. Keywords: Puritan - religious intoleranc

APLIKASI METODE GEOLISTRIK HAMBATAN JENIS UNTUK PENDUGAAN SEBARAN AIRTANAH DI DESA LABUAN TOPOSO KABUPATEN DONGGALA

Telah dilakukan penelitian aplikasi metode geolistrik hambatan jenis untuk pendugaan sebaran airtanah di Desa Labuan Toposo Kabupaten Donggala. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui lapisan akuifer. Pengukuran dilakukan pada 5 lintasan dengan menggunakan metode Automatic Array Scanning (AAS) konfigurasi dipole-dipole. Data yang diperoleh diolah dengan menggunakan software Res2Dinv 3.53 dan Surfer 11. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa lapisan akuifer mempunyai nilai hambatan jenis antara 31 – 81 Ωm dan nilai faktor formasi 2 – 5. Lapisan akuifer tersusun oleh pasir dan kerikil. Sebaran lapisan akuifer dominan berarah dari timur laut ke barat daya.Kata kunci: Akuifer, Dipole-dipole, Geolistrik hambatan jenis, Res2dinv, Surfer

PENYELIDIKAN KEDALAMAN BIDANG GELINCIR MENGGUNAKAN METODE GEOLISTRIK HAMBATAN JENIS PADA RUAS JALAN TAVAILI - TOBOLI, KABUPATEN DONGGALA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi lapisan bawah permukaan yang berperan sebagai bidang gelincir pada ruas jalan Tavaili - Toboli. Metode yang digunakan adalah geolistrik hambatan jenis dengan menggunakan kofigurasi dipole-dipole yaitu dengan cara menginjeksikan aliran arus listrik ke dalam bumi. Dengan cara tersebut maka akan didapatkan nilai arus dan beda potensial untuk memperoleh nilai hambatan jenis yang akan dianalisis dalam softwere RES2DINV sehingga diperoleh penampang 2D dan dapat diinterpretasikan lapisan bawah permukaan dengan nilai hambatan jenis material. Selanjutnya dapat ditentukan struktur dan litologi bawah permukaan sehingga dapat memberikan informasi mengenai bidang gelincir. Hasil interpretasi menunjukkan bahwa penyusun tanah wilayah penelitian adalah kerikil, batu pasir, dan genes. Nilai hambatan jenis setiap lapisan batuan yaitu kerikil berkisar antara 10 Ωm – 84 Ωm, lapisan batu pasir berkisar antara 84 Ωm – 158 Ωm, dan lapisan genes berkisar antara 232 Ωm – 565 Ωm. Pada wilayah penelitian lapisan genes diduga merupakan bidang gelincir. Bentuk bidang gelincir yang diperoleh pada wilayah penelitian yaitu gelincir rotasi. Setiap lintasan memiliki kedalaman bidang gelincir berbeda – beda, yaitu L-1 dan L4 terletak pada kedalaman 8 m, L-2 terletak pada kedalaman 3 m, dan L-3 terletak pada kedalaman 7 m.Kata Kunci : Bidang Gelincir, Geolistrik, Konfigurasi dipole-dipole, Softwere RES2DIN

Uji Penerapan Metode Geolistrik Time-Lapse untuk Memonitoring Pergerakan Fluida Bawah Permukaan (Air Tanah) Di Lokasi Sumur Produksi Air Tanah Warga Kelurahan Tondo Kota Palu

ABSTRAKStudi kasus dipilih pada wilayah Kelurahan Tondo Kota Palu, karena banyak pemukim yang menggunakan sumber air tanah, serta secara geografis berdekatan dengan pantai. Berdasarkan kondisi wilayah tersebut, kemungkinan terdapat sifat dinamika pergerakan fluida bawah permukaan dari pengaruh pengisian dan produksi air tanah, serta keberadaan air laut. Untuk mendeteksi pergerakan fluida tersebut, kami menerapkan metode geolistrik. Metode ini diuji sebagai teknologi monitoring pergerakan fluida bawah permukaan (air tanah) pada selang waktu tertentu (time lapse). Untuk menggambarkan pergerakan dinamika air tanah tersebut, kami membuat 1 lintasan pengukuran geolistrik 2-D di sekitar lokasi sumur air tanah warga serta melakukan survei kondisi fisik sumur tersebut. Hasil yang diperoleh terdapat 3 buah sumur air tanah. Level muka air tanah berada di sekitar kedalaman 9 m. Kedudukan air tanah tersebut merupakan jenis lapisan air tanah dangkal pada sistem lapisan akuifer semi bebas atau akuitar. Lapisan tersebut memiliki litologi pasir lempungan dan kerikil. Air tanah setempat memiliki nilai DHL 700 – 1000 µS/cm, dimana semakin ke arah laut rasa air tanah telah payau atau terkadang asin. Berdasarkan hasil monitoring yang diturunkan dari data geolistrik time lapse, vektor pergerakan air tanah akan semakin besar (cepat bergerak) menuju nilai resistivitas tinggi 40-100 Ohm-m, dan ditemukan pergerakan tersebut berakumulasi pada kedalaman lebih dari 9 m. Pola pergerakan air tanah pada lapisan akuitar setempat, lebih dominan dipengaruhi oleh faktor gravitasi, infiltrasi dan perkolasi, aktivitas produksi sumur, serta pengaruh intrusi air laut. Untuk pengaruh intrusi air laut, ini cukup signifikan kenampakannya di sisi barat lintasan (jarak 90-100 m). Terlihat dari waktu ke waktu pola anomali resisitivitas yang terdefinisi mengandung air di bawah permukaan (terutama di sekitar sumur) tidak mengalami perubahan pola secara signifikan, hal ini mengindikasikan volume air tanah pada sistem lapisan tersebut cenderung konstan atau tetap adanya dari faktor pengisian dan produksi sumur air tanah warga.Kata Kunci :Geolistrik, Sumur, Air Tanah, Resistivita

Local-Scale Patterns of Genetic Variability, Outcrossing, and Spatial Structure in Natural Stands of Arabidopsis thaliana

As Arabidopsis thaliana is increasingly employed in evolutionary and ecological studies, it is essential to understand patterns of natural genetic variation and the forces that shape them. Previous work focusing mostly on global and regional scales has demonstrated the importance of historical events such as long-distance migration and colonization. Far less is known about the role of contemporary factors or environmental heterogeneity in generating diversity patterns at local scales. We sampled 1,005 individuals from 77 closely spaced stands in diverse settings around Tübingen, Germany. A set of 436 SNP markers was used to characterize genome-wide patterns of relatedness and recombination. Neighboring genotypes often shared mosaic blocks of alternating marker identity and divergence. We detected recent outcrossing as well as stretches of residual heterozygosity in largely homozygous recombinants. As has been observed for several other selfing species, there was considerable heterogeneity among sites in diversity and outcrossing, with rural stands exhibiting greater diversity and heterozygosity than urban stands. Fine-scale spatial structure was evident as well. Within stands, spatial structure correlated negatively with observed heterozygosity, suggesting that the high homozygosity of natural A. thaliana may be partially attributable to nearest-neighbor mating of related individuals. The large number of markers and extensive local sampling employed here afforded unusual power to characterize local genetic patterns. Contemporary processes such as ongoing outcrossing play an important role in determining distribution of genetic diversity at this scale. Local “outcrossing hotspots” appear to reshuffle genetic information at surprising rates, while other stands contribute comparatively little. Our findings have important implications for sampling and interpreting diversity among A. thaliana accessions

Two-particle azimuthal correlations in photonuclear ultraperipheral Pb plus Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV with ATLAS

Two-particle long-range azimuthal correlations are measured in photonuclear collisions using 1.7 nb − 1 of 5.02 TeV Pb + Pb collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Candidate events are selected using a dedicated high-multiplicity photonuclear event trigger, a combination of information from the zero-degree calorimeters and forward calorimeters, and from pseudorapidity gaps constructed using calorimeter energy clusters and charged-particle tracks. Distributions of event properties are compared between data and Monte Carlo simulations of photonuclear processes. Two-particle correlation functions are formed using charged-particle tracks in the selected events, and a template-fitting method is employed to subtract the nonflow contribution to the correlation. Significant nonzero values of the second- and third-order flow coefficients are observed and presented as a function of charged-particle multiplicity and transverse momentum. The results are compared with flow coefficients obtained in proton-proton and proton-lead collisions in similar multiplicity ranges, and with theoretical expectations. The unique initial conditions present in this measurement provide a new way to probe the origin of the collective signatures previously observed only in hadronic collision

Measurement of the associated production of a Higgs boson decaying into b-quarks with a vector boson at high transverse momentum in pp collisions at s=13\sqrt{s}=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The associated production of a Higgs boson with a W or Z boson decaying into leptons and where the Higgs boson decays to a pair is measured in the high vector-boson transverse momentum regime, above 250 GeV, with the ATLAS detector. The analysed data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of , were collected in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider between 2015 and 2018 at a centre-of-mass energy of . The measured signal strength, defined as the ratio of the measured signal yield to that predicted by the Standard Model, is corresponding to an observed (expected) significance of 2.1 (2.7) standard deviations. Cross-sections of associated production of a Higgs boson decaying into b quark pairs with a W or Z gauge boson, decaying into leptons, are measured in two exclusive vector boson transverse momentum regions, 250–400 GeV and above 400 GeV, and interpreted as constraints on anomalous couplings in the framework of a Standard Model effective field theory

Performance and calibration of quark/gluon-jet taggers using 140 fb⁻¹ of pp collisions at √s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The identification of jets originating from quarks and gluons, often referred to as quark/gluon tagging, plays an important role in various analyses performed at the Large Hadron Collider, as Standard Model measurements and searches for new particles decaying to quarks often rely on suppressing a large gluon-induced background. This paper describes the measurement of the efficiencies of quark/gluon taggers developed within the ATLAS Collaboration, using √s=13 TeV proton–proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 140 fb-1 collected by the ATLAS experiment. Two taggers with high performances in rejecting jets from gluon over jets from quarks are studied: one tagger is based on requirements on the number of inner-detector tracks associated with the jet, and the other combines several jet substructure observables using a boosted decision tree. A method is established to determine the quark/gluon fraction in data, by using quark/gluon-enriched subsamples defined by the jet pseudorapidity. Differences in tagging efficiency between data and simulation are provided for jets with transverse momentum between 500 GeV and 2 TeV and for multiple tagger working points

Combination of searches for heavy spin-1 resonances using 139 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A combination of searches for new heavy spin-1 resonances decaying into diferent pairings of W, Z, or Higgs bosons, as well as directly into leptons or quarks, is presented. The data sample used corresponds to 139 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at √ s = 13 TeV collected during 2015–2018 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Analyses selecting quark pairs (qq, bb, tt¯, and tb) or third-generation leptons (τν and τ τ ) are included in this kind of combination for the frst time. A simplifed model predicting a spin-1 heavy vector-boson triplet is used. Cross-section limits are set at the 95% confdence level and are compared with predictions for the benchmark model. These limits are also expressed in terms of constraints on couplings of the heavy vector-boson triplet to quarks, leptons, and the Higgs boson. The complementarity of the various analyses increases the sensitivity to new physics, and the resulting constraints are stronger than those from any individual analysis considered. The data exclude a heavy vector-boson triplet with mass below 5.8 TeV in a weakly coupled scenario, below 4.4 TeV in a strongly coupled scenario, and up to 1.5 TeV in the case of production via vector-boson fusion

Medium-Induced Modification of Z-Tagged Charged Particle Yields in Pb+Pb Collisions at 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS Detector

The yield of charged particles opposite to a Z boson with large transverse momentum ( p T ) is measured in 260     pb − 1 of p p and 1.7     nb − 1 of Pb + Pb collision data at 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The Z boson tag is used to select hard-scattered partons with specific kinematics, and to observe how their showers are modified as they propagate through the quark-gluon plasma created in Pb + Pb collisions. Compared with p p collisions, charged-particle yields in Pb + Pb collisions show significant modifications as a function of charged-particle p T in a way that depends on event centrality and Z boson p T . The data are compared with a variety of theoretical calculations and provide new information about the medium-induced energy loss of partons in a p T regime difficult to measure through other channels