Assessment of low frequency magnetic fields in electrified vehicles

This report presents exploratory research into the low frequency (up to 400 kHz) magnetic fields generated by hybrid and electric vehicles under driving and charging conditions. The study includes a literature survey and experimental work addressing the issues of: measurement protocols; instrument selection; and data processing, with the aim of contributing to standards development. When the experimental activities were planned, there were no published measurement procedures specific to the automotive sector; so different methodologies and instrumentation setups were explored.JRC.C.4 - Sustainable Transpor

Applying exploratively the international standard IEC CISPR36 to electric vehicles

This technical report describes the results of an intensive test campaign involving two different electric vehicles. The first was a battery electric vehicle (i.e. fully electric) and the second was a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Radiated emissions produced by the vehicles under test within the frequency range 150 kHz to 30 MHz were evaluated in line with the international standard IEC CISPR 36:2020, with the evaluation even going beyond its requirements. This standard sets out the limits and methods of measurements for the protection of off-board receivers below 30 MHz. Test conditions that could potentially have an impact on measurement results and that could be of possible scientific interest, such as different vehicle positions, speeds, driving cycles and driving modes, were explored, as were potential common frequencies at which electromagnetic interference might be present. In order to create a more comprehensive and realistic picture of the different electric vehicle technologies currently available, the two types of electric vehicles that require assessment using the IEC CISPR 36:2020 standard (i.e. battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) were selected. The activity was part of the Joint Research Centre’s VELA 9 work regarding radiated emissions generated by vehicles, which focuses on ever more realistic conditions with regard to geometrical set-up and dynamic driving conditions.JRC.C.4 - Sustainable, Smart and Safe Mobilit

Electromagnetic emissions assessment of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle in dynamic driving conditions

In order to safeguard potential benefits brought by the electrification of road transport it becomes more and more important to evaluate the performance of hybrid, fully battery-powered and fuel-cell powered electric vehicles (HEVs, BEVs and FCEVs) in terms of electromagnetic emissions in charging and real-driving conditions. The present report describes the results of a test campaign conducted on a station wagon, namely a Peugeot 508 SW PHEV (hybrid plug–in vehicle) within the EC Joint Research Centre’s VELA 9 laboratory, providing a semi-anechoic chamber for testing electromagnetic compatibility of all types of EVs. The vehicle was tested not only according to the UNECE Regulation n.10, but then also under more realistic driving conditions beyond the requirements of that regulation, in order to check its performance in terms of radiated emissions with regard to electromagnetic compatibility. Other tests were conducted beyond UNECE Reg. 10, in order to assess possible improvements on the current measurement procedures. The influence of different speeds, driving cycles, driving mode settings, and measurement setups on the vehicle’s electromagnetic emissions was evaluated as well as a broader set of frequency ranges exploredJRC.C.4 - Sustainable Transpor

Implementation of EU 2022/1426 Summary Report on Policy-related Topics

In 2022, the European Commission adopted the first worldwide legislation concerning the type-approval of the Automated Driving Systems (ADS) of fully Automated Vehicles (AV), opening the road to their introduction to the European market. The European Union (EU), in this way, becomes the first market in the world where this new generation of vehicles can be placed with a complete and unambiguous legislative framework. However, Member States (MSs) should also put in place amendments to their national rules and leg-islation to accommodate ADS legislation. In order to support regulators at national level on this complementary activity and to ensure the establishment of as harmonized as possible practices for ADS deployment across Europe, the European Commission held a series of workshops to provide the status of play on some policy topics on Automated Driving System (ADS). This document summarises the discussions among the participants of the workshops on national rules and legislation organised by the European Commission – DG GROW as well as the discussions within Automated and Connected Vehicles sub-group of the Working Group on Motor Vehicles (MVWG-ACV). It has been drafted with the active contribution of the experts of MVWG-ACV. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official/formal position or opinion of the European Commission, Member States and other stakeholders mentioned in this report. The document lists the policy topics currently under discussion within MVWG – ACV as well as the proposed actions that could be put into practise in the future. The reports also aims to foster further discussions with the involvement of the other relevant actors.JRC.C.4 - Sustainable, Smart and Safe Mobilit

Electromagnetic emissions assessment of a fuel cell electric vehicle in dynamic driving conditions

Vehicles commercial market is growing fast and new technologies are entering the market in order to reduce pollutants emissions and ensure a green driving experience. In order to assess potential benefits brought by the electrification of transport, it becomes more and more important to evaluate the performance of all kinds of electrified vehicles in terms of electromagnetic emissions in real-driving conditions. This technical report shows the main outcomes of a test campaign conducted on a Hyundai Nexo (fuel cell vehicle) within VeLA 9 laboratory. The vehicle was tested under more realistic driving conditions beyond the requirements of UNECE Regulation n.10 to check its performances in terms of radiated emissions with regard to electromagnetic compatibility. Other tests were conducted beyond the Regulation in order to assess possible improvements on the current measurement procedures. Showing the impact of different speeds, driving cycles, driving modes and measuring setup on electromagnetic emissions was evaluated as well as broad frequency ranges were explored.JRC.C.4 - Sustainable Transpor

Power Quality Performance of Fast-Charging under Extreme Temperature Conditions

Exposing electric vehicles (EV) to extreme temperatures limits its performance and charging. For the foreseen adoption of EVs, it is not only important to study the technology behind it, but also the environment it will be inserted into. In Europe, temperatures ranging from &minus 30 &deg C to +40 &deg C are frequently observed and the impacts on batteries are well-known. However, the impact on the grid due to the performance of fast-chargers, under such conditions, also requires analysis, as it impacts both on the infrastructure&rsquo s dimensioning and design. In this study, six different fast-chargers were analysed while charging a full battery EV, under four temperature levels (&minus 25 &deg C, &minus 15 &deg C, +20 &deg C, and +40 &deg C). The current total harmonic distortion, power factor, standby power, and unbalance were registered. Results show that the current total harmonic distortion (THDI) tended to increase at lower temperatures. The standby consumption showed no trend, with results ranging from 210 VA to 1650 VA. Three out of six chargers lost interoperability at &minus C. Such non-linear loads, present high harmonic distortion, and, hence, low power factor. The temperature at which the vehicle&rsquo s battery charges is crucial to the current it withdraws, thereby, influencing the charger&rsquo s performance. Document type: Articl

Assessment and analysis of the electromagnetic profile of prototype high-power-charging units for electric vehicles

This science for policy report discusses and analyses the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) performance of three High-Power-Charging (HPC) columns at their standby based on IEC 61851-21-2 standard. All laboratory setups and results of the tests that are presented on this work were carried out inside VeLA 9 validated EMC semi-anechoic chamber (SAC) at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. The results of more than 150 different measured setups on radiated emissions, conducted emissions and radiated immunity are presented and discussed thoroughly. The applicable test methodologies and instrumentation used for the measurements are fully described. EMC troubleshooting techniques were also successfully carried out for some setups, while novel exploratory work, beyond IEC 61851-21-2 was also conducted. The findings and test data on this study can be a reference material to EMC engineers and contribute to the future policy making of the relevant EMC standards.JRC.C.4-Sustainable Transpor

On-road emissions and energy efficiency assessment of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

In order to assess potential benefits brought by the electrification of transport it becomes more and more important to evaluate the performance of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in real-driving conditions, measuring on-road air pollutant emissions and energy efficiency. The present report describes a portable system used at JRC for e-measurements in hybrid and electric vehicles, as an upgrade of the classic PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System). Preliminary results of a test campaign conducted on a Euro-6 Plug-in Hybrid Passenger Car (PHEV) equipped with a Flywheel Alternator Starter (FAS) are reported. The influence of different driving modes as well as of different initial battery state of charge on CO2 and NOx emissions and energy consumption has been evaluated.JRC.C.4 - Sustainable Transpor

Impact of different driving cycles and operating conditions on CO2 emissions and energy management strategies of a Euro-6 hybrid electric vehicle

Although Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) represent one of the key technologies to reduce CO2 emissions, their effective potential in real world driving conditions strongly depends on the performance of their Energy Management System (EMS) and on its capability to maximize the efficiency of the powertrain in real life as well as during Type Approval (TA) tests. Attempting to close the gap between TA and real world CO2 emissions, the European Commission has decided to introduce from September 2017 theWorldwide Harmonized Light duty Test Procedure (WLTP), replacing the previous procedure based on the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). The aim of this work is the analysis of the impact of different driving cycles and operating conditions on CO2 emissions and on energy management strategies of a Euro-6 HEV through the limited number of information available from the chassis dyno tests. The vehicle was tested considering different initial battery State of Charge (SOC), ranging from 40% to 65%, and engine coolant temperatures, from 7 C to 70 C. The change of test conditions from NEDC to WLTP was shown to lead to a significant reduction of the electric drive and to about a 30% increase of CO2 emissions. However, since the specific energy demand of WLTP is about 50% higher than that of NEDC, these results demonstrate that the EMS strategies of the tested vehicle can achieve, in test conditions closer to real life, even higher efficiency levels than those that are currently evaluated on the NEDC, and prove the effectiveness of HEV technology to reduce CO2 emissions

Electric and hybrid vehicle testing: BMWi3 performance assessment in realistic use scenarios

A plug-in electric vehicle with range extender was tested at ambient temperatures varying between -30°C and 50°C. The objective was to assess energy efficiency variability depending on use conditions. The test campaign was performed in the framework of the transatlantic collaboration between the United States' Department of Energy (Argonne National Laboratory) and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre.JRC.C.4-Sustainable Transpor