Delay distributions of slotted ALOHA and CSMA

We derive the closed-form delay distributions of slotted ALOHA and nonpersistent carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols under steady state. Three retransmission policies are analyzed. We find that under a binary exponential backoff retransmission policy, finite average delay and finite delay variance can be guaranteed for G<2S and G<4S/3, respectively, where G is the channel traffic and S is the channel throughput. As an example, in slotted ALOHA, S<(ln2)/2 and S<3(ln4-ln3)/4 are the operating ranges for finite first and second delay moments. In addition, the blocking probability and delay performance as a function of r/sub max/ (maximum number of retransmissions allowed) is also derived

Maximally Flexible Assignment of Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes for Multi-Rate Traffic

In universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) systems, orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes are used to support different transmission rates for different users. In this paper, we first define the flexibility index to measure the capability of an assignable code set in supporting multirate traffic classes. Based on this index, two single-code assignment schemes, nonrearrangeable and rearrangeable compact assignments, are proposed. Both schemes can offer maximal flexibility for the resulting code tree after each code assignment. We then present an analytical model and derive the call blocking probability, system throughput and fairness index. Analytical and simulation results show that the proposed schemes are efficient, stable and fair

Distribution of amantadine-resistant H5N1 avian influenza variants in Asia

We examined the distribution of genetic mutations associated with resistance to the M2 ion channel-blocking adamantane derivatives, amantadine and rimantadine, among H5N1 viruses isolated in Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, Hong Kong, and China. More than 95% of the viruses isolated in Vietnam and Thailand contained resistance mutations, but resistant mutants were less commonly isolated in Indonesia (6.3% of isolates) and China (8.9% of isolates), where human infection was recently reported. The dual mutation motif Leu26Ile-Ser31Asn (leucine→isoleucine at aa 26 and serine→asparagine at aa 31) was found almost exclusively in all resistant isolates from Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia, suggesting the biological selection of these mutations. © 2006 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.published_or_final_versio

ANALISA PERFORMANSI MULTIPLE ROUTING CONFIGURATION (MRC) PADA JARINGAN INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)

ABSTRAKSI: Routing adalah proses pencarian jalan (rute) yang bebas atau bisa dipakai pada jaringan bagi suatu panggilan untuk disambungkan dari asal ke tujuan. proses routing memungkinkan paket data dapat terkirim hingga tujuan yang berada di luar jaringan. Karena proses itu, proses routing menggunakan sumber daya yang cukup besar, mulai dari cost (biaya), reliability, performansi jaringan, dan lainnya. Untuk mengatasi hal itu, berbagai upaya telah banyak dilakukan, mulai dari efisiensi topologi jaringan, penentuan jalur data, ruang lingkup jaringan, dll. Dari banyak upaya yang diciptakan dan dilakukan, terdapat satu cara dengan tujuan yang sama, yaitu dengan metode multiple routing.Multiple routing merupakan suatu proses routing yang melakukan penentuan arah yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu dalam mengirimkan data hingga tujuan. multiple routing configuration (MRC) memungkinkan suatu komunikasi data dalam jaringan internet protocol (IP) dapat tetap berlangsung meskipun jalur komunikasi (routing) terdekatnya (shortest path) mengalami gangguan. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena multiple routing configuration (MRC) menyimpan tabel jalur komunikasi yang lebih dari satu jalur sehingga memiliki jalur komunikasi data alternatif yang dapat digunakan saat jalur komunikasi utama (primary) mengalami gangguan.Pada tugas akhir ini, multiple routing configuration (MRC) pada jaringan IP akan disimulasikan menggunakan program emulator GNS3. Parameter QoS network yang dihitung meliputi delay, jitter, packet loss dan throughput serta menghitung waktu konvergensi jaringan di saat jaringan mengalami kegagalan. Agar tampak jelas performansi MRC yang diterapkan, maka performansi MRC dibandingkan dengan OSPF dengan sistem dan skema jaringan yang sama dalam dua topologi yang berbeda.Kata Kunci : routing, MRC, QoS, OSPFABSTRACT: Routing is process of searching free route or can be used in the network for a call to be forwarded from the source to the goal. The routing process allows the data packet sent to the destination out of the network. Because of that process, the routing process use much source, such as cost, reliability, network performance, e.t.c. To handle it, so many efforts have been tried, such as the efficiency of network topology, data route determining, the network scope, e.t.c. One of the efforts which has the same goal is by using Multiple Routing Configuration (MRC) method.Multiple routing is a routing process which has more than one directions to link data to the goal. Multiple Routing Configuration (MRC) allows the data communication in the network Internet Protocol (IP) even though there is a failure in the route of shortest path. This is because of the Multiple Routing Configuration (MRC) keep the communication route more than one, thus, it has the alternative data communication route which can be used when there is a failure in the primary route.In this final exam, the Multiple Routing Configuration (MRC) in network IP will be simulated by using emulator GNS3, then the QoS network are calculated. The parameters of QoS network are included: delay, jitter, packet loss, and throughput. Beside that, network time convergence are calculated. In order to make the performance applied clear, the result of MRC performance will be compared with OSPF, with the same system and network scheme in the two different topologies.Keyword: routing, MRC, QoS, OSP

Pengaruh Akuntabilitas Keuangan Daerah, Value For Money, Kejujuran, Transparansi, Dan Pengawasan Terhadap Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah (Studi Kajian Pada Pemerintah Kabupaten Labuhanbatu Pusat)

This study aims to examine the influence of local financial accountability, value for money, honesty, transparency and supervision of local financial management. The sample of this research is all SKPD (Local Work Unit Unit) as user of budget related to regional finance management at Regency Government of Labuhanbatu amounting 36 SKPD and 36 Committing Officer of Commitment so amounted 72 person. Sampling method is census method, and data used is primary data. Data were collected by distributing the queryer directly submitted to the respondent. Data analysis techniques use path analysis with the help of SmartPLS 3 program.&nbsp;The results of this study show that value for money, honesty, transparency and oversight have positive and significant correlation to Regional Financial Management, while Regional Financial Accountability has negative and significant correlation to Regional Financial Management

Pengaruh Akuntabilitas Keuangan Daerah, Value For Money, Kejujuran, Transparansi, Dan Pengawasan Terhadap Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah (Studi Kajian Pada Pemerintah Kabupaten Labuhanbatu Pusat)

This study aims to examine the influence of local financial accountability, value for money, honesty, transparency and supervision of local financial management. The sample of this research is all SKPD (Local Work Unit Unit) as user of budget related to regional finance management at Regency Government of Labuhanbatu amounting 36 SKPD and 36 Committing Officer of Commitment so amounted 72 person. Sampling method is census method, and data used is primary data. Data were collected by distributing the queryer directly submitted to the respondent. Data analysis techniques use path analysis with the help of SmartPLS 3 program.&nbsp;The results of this study show that value for money, honesty, transparency and oversight have positive and significant correlation to Regional Financial Management, while Regional Financial Accountability has negative and significant correlation to Regional Financial Management

The cytotoxic T cell proteome and its shaping by the kinase mTOR

High-resolution mass spectrometry maps the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) proteome and the impact of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) on CTLs. The CTL proteome was dominated by metabolic regulators and granzymes and mTORC1 selectively repressed and promoted expression of subset of CTL proteins (~10%). These included key CTL effector molecules, signaling proteins and a subset of metabolic enzymes. Proteomic data highlighted the potential for mTORC1 negative control of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)) production in CTL. mTORC1 was shown to repress PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) production and to determine the mTORC2 requirement for activation of the kinase Akt. Unbiased proteomic analysis thus provides a comprehensive understanding of CTL identity and mTORC1 control of CTL function

Shared and distinct transcriptional programs underlie the hybrid nature of iNKT cells

Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are innate-like T lymphocytes that act as critical regulators of the immune response. To better characterize this population, we profiled gene expression in iNKT cells during ontogeny and in peripheral subsets as part of the Immunological Genome Project. High-resolution comparative transcriptional analyses defined developmental and subset-specific programs of gene expression by iNKT cells. In addition, we found that iNKT cells shared an extensive transcriptional program with NK cells, similar in magnitude to that shared with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells. Notably, the program shared by NK cells and iNKT cells also operated constitutively in γδ T cells and in adaptive T cells after activation. Together our findings highlight a core effector program regulated distinctly in innate and adaptive lymphocytes