Factors Associated with the Incidence of Medication Errors and Nurses' Refusal to Error Reporting

Introduction:Medication errors may occur at every stage of the medicines prescription and distribution processes and as nurses can give more than 150 medicines to patients in one work shift, they are in the first line of medical errors. This study was done to investigate the factors associated with nurses' refusal to error reporting in one of the largest teaching hospitals affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Method:In this cross – sectional, descriptive analytic study, a medication errors questionnaire containing 66 questions was distributed among 100 nurses in different hospital departments which were selected by stratified and simple random sampling. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the most important occurred errors and the reasons for them and one way ANOVA and independent t-test were used to determine the relationship of the causes of medication errors and refusal to error reporting with nurses' demographic factors. Data were analyzed through SPSS18 software. Results:According to the obtained findings, 87.6% of nurses were female, 85.9% were married and 47.1% were circulating nurses. “Giving medicines to the patients earlier or later than the prescribed time" was the most occurred error (48.8%). "Fear of getting involved with law enforcement," was the most important cause of refusal to error reporting (3.48±1.53) and "heavy workload" was the main reason of error occurrence (4.18±1.1). Conclusion:Medication errors, however minor, can cause complications. To reduce medication errors, re-education classes in relation to pharmacological information, encouragement of nurses to report medical errors and positive reaction of head nurses are required. Key¬words:Medication errors, Nursing Staff, Not Reporting, Inpatient Wards, Teaching Hospital ¬Citation:Ebrahimipour H, Mahmoudian P, Hosseini SE, Badiee S, Tabatabaee SS, VafaeeNajar A, Haghighi H.Factors Associated with the Incidence of Medication Errors and Nurses' Refusal to Error Reporting. Journal of Health Based Research 2016; 1(3): 241-253

Assessment of proportional hazard rate of cardiac disease in major Beta Thalassemia in Shiraz 2005-2006

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: تالاسمی ماژور شایع ترین کم خونی ارثی در دنیا و ایران است. تزریق مکرر خون به این بیماران موجب افزایش آهن ورودی به بدن شده و عدم تزریق منظم دسفرال باعث عوارض متعددی می شود که از جمله مهم ترین آنها عوارض قلبی است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی میزان مخاطره عوارض قلبی بیماری تالاسمی و عوامل مرتبط با آن در مدل کاکس بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی تحلیلی تعداد 806 بیمار تالاسمی ما‍ژور مراجعه کننده به بخش کولیز بیمارستان شهید دستغیب شیراز به روش سرشماری با استفاده از یک پرسشنامه ساختار یافته شامل: مشخصات دموگرافیک، زمان بروز عوارض، زمان شروع و نوع خون دریافتی، زمان شروع و نحوه دریافت دسفرال، در سال 85-1384 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. داده ها با استفاده از روش‌های آمار توصیفی و تحلیلی (مخاطره تناسبی و فاصله اطمینان میزان مخاطره در مدل کاکس) مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: میانگین سنی بیماران 82/6±34/15 سال بود. میزان شیوع عوارض قلبی، 9/15 (128 نفر) برآورد شد که در دختران و پسران به ترتیب 8/17 (71 نفر) و 14 (57 نفر) بود (05/0p>). میانگین سن شروع عوارض قلبی 4/5±93/16 سال برآورد شد که این سن در دختران و پسران به ترتیب 8/4±41/16 و 6±58/17 سال بود (05/0p>). میزان مخاطره عوارض قلبی در بیمارانی که دسفرال را 6-4 سالگی و بعد از 6 سالگی تزریق کرده اند به ترتیب 09/2 و 38/2 برابر بیمارانی است که تزریق دسفرال را قبل از 4 سالگی شروع کرده اند (05/0

Cluster approximation solution of a two species annihilation model

A two species reaction-diffusion model, in which particles diffuse on a one-dimensional lattice and annihilate when meeting each other, has been investigated. Mean field equations for general choice of reaction rates have been solved exactly. Cluster mean field approximation of the model is also studied. It is shown that, the general form of large time behavior of one- and two-point functions of the number operators, are determined by the diffusion rates of the two type of species, and is independent of annihilation rates.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure

Encapsulation properties, release behavior and physicochemical characteristics of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion stabilized with pectin–pea protein isolate conjugate and Tween 80

Water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double emulsion is one of the most efficient drug delivery systems. In the double emulsion, the release of a target compound from one phase to another can be controlled by the emulsion composition, emulsification and preparation condition. Tween 80 is mainly used as a high HLB emulsifier; while it may cause many side effects on the human health. The main goal of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of a new hybrid polymer (pectin–pea protein isolate conjugate) as a potential alternative for Tween 80. In this study, the efficiency of different types and concentrations of hydrophilic emulsifier (i.e. Tween 80, native pectin and pectin–PPI conjugate) and hydrophobic emulsifier (i.e. PGPR) on the release behavior of Tartrazine as a marker and other characteristics of W1/O/W2 double emulsion were investigated. The double emulsion containing 2% pectin–PPI conjugate and 2% PGPR had proper encapsulation stability (37.05%). Conversely, the sample stabilized with Tween 80 (2%) and PGPR (either 2% or 5%) had relatively poor encapsulation stability after one-month storage (8.97% and 6.35%, respectively). In most cases, the double emulsion stabilized with pectin–PPI conjugate provided stronger encapsulation properties, smaller droplets, and higher zeta potential than other emulsions containing the native pectin and Tween 80. The current study reveals that the pectin-PPI conjugate (3:1) can be used a proper replacer for Tween 80 in stabilizing the double emulsion. The application of pectin–PPI conjugate in the double emulsion led to reduce the percentage of PGPR in the formulation, providing safer product

Bis(guanidinium) tris­(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl­ato-κ3 O 2,N,O 6)zirconate(II) tetra­hydrate

In the title complex, (CH6N3)2[Zr(C7H3NO4)3]·4H2O, the ZrIV ion lies on a twofold rotation axes and is coordinated by six O and three N atoms of three tridentate pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl­ate ligands, forming a slightly distorted tricapped trigonal–prismatic geometry. In the crystal, O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the components into a three-dimensional network