Electrophysiological Mechanisms of Atrial Flutter

Atrial flutter (AFL) is a common arrhythmia in clinical practice. Several experimental models such as tricuspid regurgitation model, tricuspid ring model, sterile pericarditis model and atrial crush injury model have provided important information about reentrant circuit and can test the effect of antiarrhythmic drugs. Human atrial flutter has typical and atypical forms. Typical atrial flutter rotates around tricuspid annulus and uses the crista terminalis and sometimes sinus venosa as the boundary. The IVC-tricuspid isthmus is a slow conduction zone and the target of radiofrequency ablation. Atypical atrial flutter may arise from the right or left atrium. Right atrial flutter includes upper loop reentry, free wall reentry and figure of eight reentry. Left atrial flutter includes mitral annular atrial flutter, pulmonary vein-related atrial flutter and left septal atrial flutter. Radiofrequency ablation of the isthmus between the boundaries can eliminate these arrhythmias

Missing E_T Reconstruction with the CMS Detector

The CMS experiment uses missing E_T to both measure processes in the Standard Model and test models of physics beyond the Standard Model. These proceedings show the performance of the missing E_T reconstruction evaluated by using 4.6 fb-1 of proton-proton collision data at the center-of-mass energy 7 TeV collected in 2011 with the CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Missing E_T was reconstructed based on a particle-flow technique. Jet energy corrections were propagated to missing E_T. After anomalous signals and events were addressed, the missing E_T spectrum was well reproduced by MC simulation. The multiple proton-proton interactions in a single bunch crossing, pile-up events, degraded the performance of the missing E_T reconstruction. Mitigations of this degradation have been developed.Comment: 6 pages, Proceedings for CALOR 2012, 15th International Conference on Calorimetry in High Energy Physic

Squark/gluino searches in hadronic channels with CMS

These proceedings summarize the results of four analyses which searched for squarks and gluinos in hadronic final states with missing transverse momentum in 2.3 fb$^{-1}$ of data in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV collected in the year 2015 with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. Each analysis is characterized by a different kinematic variable that is sensitive to the presence of invisible particles, e.g., $M_\text{T2}$, $\alpha_{\text{T}}$, and razor variables. We observed no significant deviation from the standard model prediction and placed limits on the production cross sections and the masses of squarks and gluinos in simplified models of supersymmetric models. The limits are significantly extended from the previous results.Comment: Proceedings for 4th Conference on Large Hadron Collider Physics 2016 (LHCP 2016), Lund, Swede

Precedent and Control in Investment Treaty Arbitration

This Article\u27s thesis is that, although arbitrators in investment treaty arbitration are not formally bound by precedent in the same manner as common-law judges, there is an informal, but powerful, system of precedent that constrains arbitrators to account for prior published awards and to stabilize international investment law. This informal system, however, imperfectly supports the relevant policy goals. It is additionally being tested by an increasing diversity of arbitrators, who are themselves facing pressures from investors and host States to meet conflicting demands. This Article proposes that the structure of investment treaty arbitration can absorb such stresses if: (a) the system of precedent is clarified and publicized to enable the global community to appraise awards and the arbitrators who render them; (b) investors and States exercise care in their selection of arbitrators; and (c) the community of international arbitrators exercises sufficient informal self-regulation and self-selection. This thesis is developed in three Parts. Part I discusses the concept and policies of precedent as it has developed in courts. Part II examines the extent to which these policies apply to investment treaty arbitration, and whether investment treaty arbitration has a system of precedent that promotes the relevant policy goals. Part III makes recommendations to further refine the system of precedent in response to emerging global trends, such as the economic growth of the People\u27s Republic of China and an increasing diversity of arbitrators from both developed and developing States

Renegotiating the Odious Debt Doctrine

Following the United States\u27 invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq,\u27 the US government argued that the successor government in Iraq was not responsible for Iraq\u27s Saddam-era debt under the purported doctrine of odious-regime debt. This purported doctrine apparently excused--by operation of law--all successor regimes from repaying debts that were incurred by oppressive predecessor regimes. Here, Cheng presents three-part response regarding the purported rule that oppressive debts of a predecessor government do not bind its successor