Relating descriptors of the Finnish school scale to the CEF overall scales for communicative activities

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Bankruptcies, Indebtedness and the Credit Crunch

This paper deals with Finnish bankruptcies. It shows that bankruptcies are strongly related to the business cycle and that they are perhaps even more strongly related to indebtedness, real interest rates and asset prices. The importance of these financial factors probably increased when the financial markets were liberalized in the early 1980s. Although there is a lot of seasonal and cyclical variation in bankruptcies the long run level (especially when adjusted to the number of firms) is almost constant representing some sort of "a natural rate of bankruptcies". What makes bankruptcies so important is the fact that they directly affect production, employment and credit expansion. The credit crunch effect in particular is scrutinized in the paper.bankruptcies; indebtedness; credit crunch; business cycle

USING THE METHOD OF NARRATIVE CHANGE ACCOUNTING IN THE RESEARCH OF A LARGE FOREST INDUSTRY COMPANY. POWER AND CHANGE IN FOCUS

The aim of the study was to analyze the use of power in a strategic change process within a large forest industry company. The organization in question had a total of 7 700 employees, 6–8 organizational levels, over 30 production units and a widespread international sales network.

Private Indebtedness and the Banking Crisis in Finland

In Finland the private sector borrowing started to rise rapidly in conjunction with the liberalization of capital movements and deregulation of the domestic financial sector during the second half of the 1980s. The financial deregulation coincided with and amplified an economic boom marked by favourable income expectations, loose fiscal policy associated with improved terms of trade and anticipated reduction in income tax rates. All these factors contributed to the overheating of the Finnish economy that finally turned into a severe recession in the beginning of 1990s. The reaction of households to financial deregulation in Finland was similar to that in the other Nordic countries. As in Norway and Sweden, household indebtedness started to rise in the mid-1980s, after the abolishment of lending rate regulations and prior savings requirements for housing loans. Measured by the ratio of household debt to annual disposable income, household indebtedness peaked in 1990 at more than 80 per cent of annual disposable income. Since then, it has fallen slightly. Debt financing in the corporate sector started to increase rapidly in conjunction with the liberalization of capital movements, which enabled firms also in the domestic sector to raise loans in foreign currencies. During the 1980s debt financing grew most in the real estate business, construction and services. Despite increased borrowing, the debt with respect to equity of Finnish firms did not rise significantly until 1990–91, because a large part of the debt growth was matched by increases in corporate earnings and equity values during the late 1980s. Recession turned the situation for the worse as corporate earnings and the market value of assets plummeted. High indebtedness and overcapacity especially in the domestic sector will require several years of adjusting.banking crisis; indebtedness

Low-power Programmable Processor for Fast Fourier Transform Based on Transport Triggered Architecture

This paper describes a low-power processor tailored for fast Fourier transform computations where transport triggering template is exploited. The processor is software-programmable while retaining an energy-efficiency comparable to existing fixed-function implementations. The power savings are achieved by compressing the computation kernel into one instruction word. The word is stored in an instruction loop buffer, which is more power-efficient than regular instruction memory storage. The processor supports all power-of-two FFT sizes from 64 to 16384 and given 1 mJ of energy, it can compute 20916 transforms of size 1024.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, ICASSP 2019 conferenc

Skitsofreniaa sairastavan hengellisyyden kohtaaminen psykiatrisessa hoitotyössä

TIIVISTELMÄ Mattias Takala. Skitsofreniaa sairastavan hengellisyyden kohtaaminen psykiatrisessa hoitotyössä. Helsinki, syksy 2016, 39 s., 4 liitettä. Diakonia-ammattikorkeakoulu, hoitotyön koulutusohjelma, diakonisen hoitotyön suuntautumisvaihtoehto, sairaanhoitaja (AMK) – diakonissa. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kuvata kuinka hoitajat kertovat kohtaavansa skitsofreniaa sairastavien hengellisyyden psykiatrisessa hoitotyössä. Tavoitteena oli myös tuoda esille hoitajien valmiuksia ja tapoja kohdata skitsofreniaa sairastavan hengellisyyttä ja heidän näkemyksiään siitä, miten skitsofreniaa sairastavan hengellisyyden kohtaamista voitaisiin kehittää. Skitsofrenia on vakava psyykkinen sairaus, jonka oireisiin kuuluu erilaiset harhaluulot, aistiharhat, tunneilmaisun köyhtyminen ja kognition lasku. Hengellisyys ja usko johonkin suurempaan tuovat usein lohtua vakavan sairauden yllättäessä ja voivat olla sairastuneelle merkittävä voimavara. Kun hengellisyys ja skitsofrenian oireisiin kuuluvat harhat sekoittuvat, saattaa hengellisyyden tukeminen tai ymmärtäminen olla vaikeaa. Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin haastattelemalla erään Helsingin kaupungin kuntoutuskodin hoitajia ja haastattelut toteutettiin teemahaastatteluina. Haastatteluiden tulokset litteroitiin ja analysoitiin teemoittelemalla ja tyypittelemällä. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivista tutkimusotetta käyttäen. Hoitajat kohtasivat skitsofreniaa sairastavan hengellisyyttä kuuntelemalla ja keskustelemalla heidän kanssaan. Myös kollegojen apua ja sairaalapastorin palveluita käytettiin hengellisyyden kohtaamisen apuna. Hengellisyyden kohtaaminen koettiin haastavaksi, mutta hoitajat pitivät valmiuksiaan kuitenkin siihen riittävinä. Kehitysideana oli muihin uskontoihin kuin kristinuskoon liittyvän hengellisyyden kohtaamistaitojen kehittäminen ja käytännönläheinen työtä palveleva lisäkoulutus hengellisyyden kohtaamisesta. Asiasanat: skitsofrenia, hoitotyö, hengellisyys, kohtaaminenABSTRACT Mattias Takala. Encountering the spirituality of a person suffering from schizophrenia in psychiatric nursing. 39 p., 4 appendices. Language: Finnish. Autumn 2016. Diaconia University of Applied Sciences. Degree Programme in Nursing, Option in Diaconal Nursing. Degree title: Nurse. The purpose of this thesis was to describe nurses’ experiences of encountering the spirituality of a person suffering from schizophrenia in psychiatric nursing. Another purpose of this thesis was to learn more about nurses’ readiness and ways to encounter the spirituality of a person suffering from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness. Its common symptoms include different types of delusions, hallucinations, and difficulties expressing normal emotions in social situations among other things. Spirituality often brings comfort when facing a serious illness and it can help with the anxiety which comes with the situation. However if the spirituality gets mixed with the hallucinations that schizophrenia causes, it might be hard for others to understand or support it. The thesis is a qualitative research. The study was made by interviewing six nurses in a psychiatric rehabilitation home. The interviews were then analyzed according to their theme and type. As a result, the nurses encountered the spirituality of their clients suffering from schizophrenia in different ways for example by listening and talking with them and also with the help of the hospital priest and other colleagues. The nurses found the encounter of the spirituality of their clients challenging but also they found themselves prepared for it. As a suggestion, they hoped for a practical and work orientated courses about the topic which would also contain information about how to encounter non-Christian related spirituality. Keywords: schizophrenia, nursing, spiritualit

Efficiency and costs of payments: some new evidence from Finland

This paper deals with optimal payment systems. The issue boils down to how large are the costs of different payment media, which can be interpreted as a question of the efficiency of the means of payment. However, there are other qualifications related to the choice of payment media. Here, at least three issues can be distinguished. First is the question of optimal payment medium for each individual payment (size, location, EFTPOS etc.). This choice is not independent of the individual characteristics of the payer and payee. Secondly, there is the question of cost effectiveness of payments for different institutions and sectors. The final issue concerns the social optimum for each payment medium. These issues have been particularly controversial in the case of cash, which is still the dominant payment medium in most euro countries. Part of the controversy arises from the fact that the costs and benefits of different payment media affect different market participants in quite different ways, so that a possible social optimum might not correspond eg to the optima for different firms. The paper contains a short review of calculation methods and empirical results for a sample of countries. It also provides new evidence from Finland, which is to an extent one of the front-runners in payment technology and institutional design in payment systems. This shows up in relatively low overall costs of payments. Our estimate of total costs of payment media is 0.3 per cent of GDP, which is very low by international standards.payment media; cash; payment systems; costs of payments

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