Clinical signs and histopathology of white spot syndrome disease (WSSD) in cultured Penaeus indicus in Khouzestan Province

Since 1992, white spot syndrom disease reported from China, has overshadow all other viral diseases. The WSSD was also reported from all countries in Asia and America. In July 2002, the high mortality in cultured shrimps of Penaeus indicus occurred in Khouzestan province, south of Iran. The clinical signs of affected shrimps were characterized by distinct white spots in the carapace with size of 0.5-2 mm. Moribund shrimp usually showed reddish coloration of the body, lethargic and reduced feed intake or stopped feeding, the stomach was empty and shrimp stayed at the side of pond edge. The high mortality rates occurred within a week after the emergence of gross signs. The moribund shrimp collected and fixed in Davidson fixative, then processed routinely. The section from all tissues except hepatopancreas showed intranunclear Cowdry type-A inclusion body. According to the clinical signs, histopathological fingings and high mortality, the disease occurred in Abadan area (Khouzestan province) identified as white spot syndrome disease (WSSD)

Survey on gregarine infection of marine broodstocks and cultured shrimp in the Choebdeh Area of Abadan, Iran

Gregarines are protozoa that occur within the digestive tract and tissues of various invertebrate animals such as shrimp. In this survey 15 marine broodstocks of Penaeus indicus from Jask area and 119 cultured shrimps from cultured farms were supplied and carried to laboratory. According to life cycle of gregarine, (Johnson, 1989) it is assumed that presence of protozoan gregarine among broodstock shrimps can be due to consumption of natural food and existance of intermediate hosts and as a result to be completion of life cycle of these protozoan in natural conditions. On the other hand absence of these parasites among cultured shrimp can be due to consumption of prepared (inert) food and lack of completion of alternate hosts and intermediate hosts and consequently lack of completion of life cycle of these parasites in the cultured condition

Survey of parasitic fauna of cultured shrimp in Ghofas area of Abadan

This survey was performed in order to investigation of parasites in different tissues of cultured shrimp and survey of intensity and incidence of these parasites in different tissues of shrimp. In this survey 145 shrimp belonged to Penaeus monodon and 97 shrimp belonged to P. indicus were reviewed. Epicommensal protozoa from gills and appendages by wet smear, stomach and hepatopancreas and intestine by stereomicroscope, crashed muscle and digested muscle and also, crashing of intestine for digestive protozoa were reviewed. The most intensity and incidence were belonged to Epistylis, Zoothamnium and Vorticella, respectively. In relation to metazoan parasites, there were no observation of worm parasites, such as trematodes, nematodes, cestodes and digestive protozoa such as gregarine among the cultured shrimp. All shrimp are susceptible to fouling by epicommensal protozoa. These organisms are naturally present on the bodies of cultured shrimp and their intensity and incidence can be related to the environmental condition. According to life cycle of metazoa and digestive protozoa (Johnson, 1989), absence of these parasites among cultured shrimp can be due to lack of intermediate hosts and consequently lack of completion of life cycle of these parasites in the cultured environments and consumption of prepared (inert) food

The Consequences of Environmental Properties and Tree Spatial Neighborhood on Post-Fire Structure of Forest in Yosemite National Park

Separating the contribution of habitat filtering and dispersal mechanisms in forming species distribution remains a challenge in community ecology. Despite the effect of environmental variables in structuring communities, only restricted numbers of them were considered as a habitat dissimilarity. In Chapter 2, I used topography and soil properties to define habitats within the Yosemite Forest Dynamics Plot (YFDP). The soil enzymes were added in soil samples due to their important role in releasing nutrients into the soil environment. The preference of eleven species to a specific habitat were examined. Also, the relative importance of habitat filtering and dispersal limitation were examined. I found that more species associated with habitats defined by soil properties compare to those associated with topographically defined habitat. In addition, the contribution of dispersal process was greater in explaining change in species composition. In Chapter 3, I studied the underlying processes in shaping four abundant species spatial arrangement in YFDP. I examined the effect of habitat heterogeneity, dispersal process, fire event, interaction of adults on juveniles, and negative density dependence (as a result of increasing density) in shaping species spatial distribution. My results suggest that dominant species spatial patterns are partially explained by topographic variables, dispersal limitation, biotic interactions, and fire history

Investigating the Aspects of Environmental Sustainability Approach in Designing Aquatic Sports Complex

The subject of sustainable development has been debated by experts and researchers in different fields of architecture and urban development for the past few decades. One of the most important goals of sustainable development is to safeguard the nature and adjust the approaches to nature and the expression of sustainable development in the field of artificial environment is called sustainable architecture. Because of the shortage in non-renewable energies and today's need of architecture for sustainable designing; and on the other hand, creating equal conditions in using facilities and also physical and social welfare, the designing of every project must be presented in a way that observes a sustainable environmental architecture so that the process of controlling the non-renewable energies in the country is helped in an effort to pose the least amount of damage to the environment and also, to fulfill the basic human needs. With regard to the fact that aquatic sports, because of their advantages, have attracted a great number of enthusiasts from all age demographics, the necessity to regard these sports from a higher and more public perspective is felt. This approach not only must regard the way these sports are presented to the public, but also what characteristics and attractions it must have to cause the increase the level of peace in the society. Creating this type of centers in the society, especially in an obvious way leads to filling leisure time and prevents social and environmental abnormalities. This paper aims to achieve some of the goals of environmental sustainability in designing modern aquatic sports Complex by an analytic-practical method

Money Laundering and International Commitment to Combat It

Abstract: Capitalist society has provided currently a broad space in the field of trade and investment. Especially with expanding banking operations we saw a huge shift of property and funds among legal and natural person. Meanwhile, some of the jobber with a double profit motive, by using various tricks, is trying to abuse these exchanges. committed operations of these people include acquisition of property and funds caused by illegal activities such as smuggling, theft, etc and to enter its property and funds into corrupt money of economic system and hide the illegal nature of the property, heavy consequences of economically to society. Sets of activities series that leads to the entry of illicit funds into the financial system, cause money laundering. Money laundering is criminal activity on a large scale, group, continuous and long-term, which can exceed range of politics and place in a country. This article attempts to investigate money laundering crime and combating it