Testosterone and grasp-reflex differences in human neonates

According to the Geschwind-Behan-Galaburda (GBG) hypothesis, prenatal testosterone (T) causes a slowing in the development of the left brain with a consequent compensatory growth in the right brain, creating a reverse organisation of the cerebral lateralisation. That is, left- and right-handedness might be associated with high and low prenatal T levels, respectively. To test this hypothesis, the relations of T levels (umbilical cord blood) to grasp-reflex strengths were studied in human neonates. Handedness was assessed by measuring the grasp-reflex strengths from the right and left hands in 10 trials from each hand alternatively. There were two handedness groups: right-handers (R-L significantly greater than zero) and left-handers (significantly smaller than zero). Contrary to the GBG model, the mean free T concentration was found to be significantly higher in right-handers than left-handers for males and females. There was no significant difference in the total T levels between right- and left-handers. Free T concentrations positively correlated with R-L grasp-reflex strengths, i.e. right-handedness increased as T increased, and left-handedness increased as T decreased. Contrary to these positive correlations, T negatively correlated with the grasp-reflex strengths from the right and left hands. These results partly supported the GBG hypothesis for this spinal-motor-asymmetry model. Total T did not significantly correlate with grasp-reflex strengths. The results suggest that prenatal T may at least play a role in prenatal determination of spinal motor lateralisation, with a possible consequent upward regulation of cerebral lateralisation

Discrete-time probabilistic approximation of path-dependent stochastic control problems

We give a probabilistic interpretation of the Monte Carlo scheme proposed by Fahim, Touzi and Warin [Ann. Appl. Probab. 21 (2011) 1322-1364] for fully nonlinear parabolic PDEs, and hence generalize it to the path-dependent (or non-Markovian) case for a general stochastic control problem. A general convergence result is obtained by a weak convergence method in the spirit of Kushner and Dupuis [Numerical Methods for Stochastic Control Problems in Continuous Time (1992) Springer]. We also get a rate of convergence using the invariance principle technique as in Dolinsky [Electron. J. Probab. 17 (2012) 1-5], which is better than that obtained by viscosity solution method. Finally, by approximating the conditional expectations arising in the numerical scheme with simulation-regression method, we obtain an implementable scheme.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/13-AAP963 the Annals of Applied Probability (http://www.imstat.org/aap/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Deferensial invarian pada permukaan

Diferensial invarian pada permukaan berperan pen - ting untuk memecahkan berbagai masalah didalam geometri 1 Mekanika dan permasalahan fisika. Didalam penulisan skripsi ini, bahan-bahan pembica raan diawali dengan diferensial dari vektor yang meliputi penggunaan operator ( d6l atau nabla ), gradien, diver gen dan kurl, juga fungsi vektor, rumus-rumus diferensiasi dan kelengkungan geodetik. Kemudian dibahas pules transformasi dari integral _yang meliputi integral garis integral permukaan dan teo rema integral yaitu teorema divergensi, teorema Green, teorema Stokes, juga contoh hitungan yang ,kemndian diu tup dengan kesimpulan

Local Weyl modules and cyclicity of tensor products for Yangians of G2G_2

Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be the exceptional complex simple Lie algebra of type $G_2$. We provide a concrete cyclicity condition for the tensor product of fundamental representations of the Yangian $Y(\mathfrak{g})$. Using this condition, we show that every local Weyl module is isomorphic to an ordered tensor product of fundamental representations of $Y(\mathfrak{g})$.Comment: 12 page

Urban management revolution: intelligent management systems for ubiquitous cities

A successful urban management support system requires an integrated approach. This integration includes bringing together economic, socio-cultural and urban development with a well orchestrated transparent and open decision making mechanism. The paper emphasises the importance of integrated urban management to better tackle the climate change, and to achieve sustainable urban development and sound urban growth management. This paper introduces recent approaches on urban management systems, such as intelligent urban management systems, that are suitable for ubiquitous cities. The paper discusses the essential role of online collaborative decision making in urban and infrastructure planning, development and management, and advocates transparent, fully democratic and participatory mechanisms for an effective urban management system that is particularly suitable for ubiquitous cities. This paper also sheds light on some of the unclear processes of urban management of ubiquitous cities and online collaborative decision making, and reveals the key benefits of integrated and participatory mechanisms in successfully constructing sustainable ubiquitous cities