Interrelationships between tracking performance measures, control dynamics, and the effects of incentives

Interrelationships between tracking performance measures, control dynamics, and effects of incentive

Seguridad Humana y Derecho Internacional Público

Este estudio sostiene que la seguridad humana guarda una relación conceptual con el derecho internacional público y que además en años recientes se han desarrollado diversas expresiones prácticas de la seguridad humana relevantes para esta rama del derecho que merecen ser estudiadas con mayor detalle. A ese respecto, el enfoque central de este texto no es proporcionar evidencia total de la materialización normativa de la seguridad humana en las fuentes tradicionales del derecho internacional público, sino más bien profundizar en el análisis de las implicaciones normativas de la seguridad humana, especialmente en su simbiosis con los derechos humanos reconocidos por el derecho internacional. Una de las preocupaciones centrales del derecho internacional público contemporáneo es, precisamente, el área del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. Como tal, se hace referencia a las fuentes del derecho internacional público y se detalla y aclara la manera en que la seguridad humana se relaciona con ellas en el campo concreto de los derechos humanos.This study argues that human security holds a conceptual relationship with public international law and that in recent years several practical expressions of human security have been developed in a manner relevant to this area of the law and, thus, they deserve to be analyzed in further detail. In this respect, the main emphasis of this text is not to provide integral evidence of the normative materialization of human security in the traditional sources of public international law, but rather to deepen in the examination of the normative implications of human security, particularly in its synergies with human rights recognized internationally. One of the main concerns of modern public international law is, precisely, the area of international human rights law. As such, reference is made to the sources of public international law and closer attention is provided to the concrete ways in which human security relates to them in the sphere of human rights

Implementation of Asymmetric Yielding in Case Specific Finite Element Models improves the Prediction of Femoral Fracture Risk

Item does not contain fulltextAlthough asymmetric yielding in bone is widely shown in experimental studies, previous case-specific non-linear finite element (FE) studies have mainly adopted material behaviour using the Von Mises yield criterion (VMYC), assuming equal bone strength in tension and compression. In this study, it was verified that asymmetric yielding in FE models can be captured using the Drucker-Prager yield criterion (DPYC), and can provide better results than simulations using the VMYC. A sensitivity analysis on parameters defining the DPYC (i.e. the degree of yield asymmetry and the yield stress settings) was performed, focusing on the effect on bone failure. In this study, the implementation of a larger degree of yield asymmetry improved the prediction of the fracture location; variations in the yield stress mainly affected the predicted failure force. We conclude that the implementation of asymmetric yielding in case-specific FE models improves the prediction of femoral bone strength

The effect of a daily quiz (TOPday) on self-confidence, enthusiasm, and test results for biomechanics

Many students in Biomedical Sciences have difficulty understanding biomechanics. In a second-year course, biomechanics is taught in the first week and examined at the end of the fourth week. Knowledge is retained longer if the subject material is repeated. However, how does one encourage students to repeat the subject matter? For this study, we developed ‘two opportunities to practice per day (TOPday)’, consisting of multiple-choice questions on biomechanics with immediate feedback, which were sent via e-mail. We investigated the effect of TOPday on self-confidence, enthusiasm, and test results for biomechanics. All second-year students (n = 95) received a TOPday of biomechanics on every regular course day with increasing difficulty during the course. At the end of the course, a non-anonymous questionnaire was conducted. The students were asked how many TOPday questions they completed (0–6 questions [group A]; 7–18 questions [group B]; 19–24 questions [group C]). Other questions included the appreciation for TOPday, and increase (no/yes) in self-confidence and enthusiasm for biomechanics. Seventy-eight students participated in the examination and completed the questionnaire. The appreciation for TOPday in group A (n = 14), B (n = 23) and C (n = 41) was 7.0 (95 % CI 6.5–7.5), 7.4 (95 % CI 7.0–7.8), and 7.9 (95 % CI 7.6–8.1), respectively (p < 0.01 between A and C). Of the students who actively participated (B and C), 91 and 80 % reported an increase in their self-confidence and enthusiasm, respectively, for biomechanics due to TOPday. In addition, they had a higher test result for biomechanics (p < 0.01) compared with those who did not actively participate (A). In conclusion, the teaching method ‘TOPday’ seems an effective way to encourage students to repeat the subject material, with the extra advantage that students are stimulated to keep on practising for the examination. The appreciation was high and there was a positive association between active participation, on the one hand, and self-confidence, enthusiasm, and test results for biomechanics on the other

El ciberespacio y los derechos humanos de las mujeres en el ordenamiento jurídico internacional: Riesgos transnacionales y violencia de género

Cyberspace has exacerbated certain transnational risks, such as cyber-discrimination,&nbsp;harassment, and aggression, particularly affecting women and girls on the basis of gender. Gender-based violence as a form of gender discrimination, including in its new forms, harms women and girls disproportionately, especially in their rights to equality, freedom from violence and freedom of expression. This article explores the contributions offered by different sources of law, in particular international human rights law, to address these gender-based risks and to prevent, eradicate and redress discrimination and gendered cyber-violations. It also analyses the opportunities that both the technological advancement concerning cyberspace, and the normative and interpretative standards developed to this effect, present for the construction of gender equality for women and girls worldwide. &nbsp;El ciberespacio ha exacerbado ciertos riesgos transnacionales, como la ciber-discriminación, el acoso y la agresión, que afectan particularmente a mujeres y niñas por razón de género. La violencia de género como forma de discriminación de género, incluyendo en sus nuevas formas, daña de manera desproporcionada a mujeres y niñas, especialmente en sus derechos a la igualdad, a vivir sin violencia y a la libertad de expresión. Este artículo explora las aportaciones que ofrecen las distintas fuentes del derecho, en particular el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos, para hacer frente a estos riesgos de género y para prevenir, erradicar y reparar la discriminación y las ciber-violaciones de género. Asimismo, analiza las Oportunidades que tanto el avance tecnológico relativo al ciberespacio, como las normas y estándares interpretativos desarrollados al efecto, presentan para la construcción de&nbsp;la igualdad de género para las mujeres y las niñas a nivel mundial

International law, indicators and global governance = Derecho internacional, indicadores y gobernanza global

Abstract: The use of indicators in international law and global governance has recently developed as a basis for evaluation, decision-making and conceptual and methodological legitimation. This study will analyse the use of different measurement devices constructed at the international level. It will consider the assessment of the state of human security as a case study, placing a particular focus on the relationship of ‘narrow’ and ‘broad’ views of human security to all human rights: civil, political, economic, social and cultural, and incorporating the aggravated human security risks encountered globally by women and girls. As a result, the text presents a proposal of a more holistic and operational measurement of human security based on a gendered and human rights based-approach.Keywords: indicators, international law, global governance, human security, human rights.Resumen: El uso de indicadores en el derecho internacional y la gobernanza global ha crecido recientemente como base para la evaluación, la toma de decisiones y la legitimación conceptual y metodológica. Este estudio analizará el uso de diferentes dispositivos de medición construidos a nivel internacional. Considerará la evaluación del estado de la seguridad humana como un estudio de caso, prestando especial atención a la relación de la seguridad humana, en su concepción ‘estrecha’ y ‘amplia’, con todos los derechos humanos: civiles, políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales, e incorporando la perspectiva de los riesgos agravados de seguridad humana que enfrentan las mujeres y las niñas a nivel global. Como resultado, el texto presenta una propuesta de medición de la seguridad humana más integral y operativa basada en un enfoque de género y de derechos humanos.Palabras clave: indicadores, derecho internacional, gobernanza global, seguridad humana, derechos humanos

Undocumented Migrant Women in Europe: A Human Rights Perspective from Public International Law

Undocumented migrant women in Europe – many potential refugees – face cumulative forms of discrimination and heightened vulnerability, including the risk of suffering violence. This article explores the implications of viewing their situation through the lens of public international law, particularly international human rights law, as an indispensable companion to European human rights law. It argues for the incorporation of the UN normative and interpretative framework on the human rights of undocumented migrants into European legal and judicial analysis. The UN legal architecture constitutes an essential component to better understand the transnational phenomenon of migration in an interrelated world with combined and overlapping legal regimes. These instruments crafted within the realm of public international law may also play a key orienting role for the ECtHR to adequately uphold the rights of (female) undocumented migrants and for States to attend more justly to the dire conditions of many undocumented migrant women and girls in Europe