Plant defense responses against fungal pathogens

Velika većina gljiva su saprofiti, odnosno žive razgrađujući i reciklirajući hranjive tvari od mrtvog biljnog materijala kako bi ponovno postao dostupan biljkama. Postoji širok raspon simbiotskih interakcija biljaka i gljiva, a najčešće uključuju mikorizne i endofitne gljive. Manji broj vrsta gljiva razvio se u smjeru patogenosti sa štetnim učinkom na biljke, a klasificirane su kao biotrofi, nekrotrofi i hemibiotrofi. Biljka je zaštićena staničnom stijenkom koja otežava prodiranje gljive u stanicu pa su rane na biljci ili puči uobičajena mjesta kroz koja patogeni ulaze u biljku. Pojačanja stanične stijenke, poput lignifikacije, suberinizacije, taloženja glikoproteina bogatih hidroksiprolinom i kaloze te umrežavanje proteina stanične stijenke koji ojačavaju mehaničke barijere biljaka i ograničavaju patogene u razvoju, promjene su koje se događaju na mjestima ulaska patogena. Gljive izlučuju enzime koji razgrađuju staničnu stijenku i posjeduju specifične infekcijske strukture, koje se razlikuju ovisno o vrsti gljive. Nadalje, izlučuju efektore kako bi ometale reakcije bazalnih obrambenih mehanizama biljaka, ali biljke su također razvile mehanizme za prepoznavanje takvih molekula. Prepoznavanje efektora u biljkama pokreće obrambene reakcije poznate kao imunitet aktiviran efektorom (eng. effector-triggered immunity, ETI) što rezultira tzv. hipersenzitivnim odgovorom biljke (eng. hypersensitive response, HR) i biosintezom proteina povezanih s patogenezom (eng. pathogenesis-related, PR). Brza proizvodnja ogromnih količina reaktivnih kisikovih vrsta (eng. reactive oxygen species, ROS), takozvani oksidativni prasak, inducira produkciju velikog broja PR proteina. Akumulacija PR proteina na mjestu infekcije obično se povezuje sa sistemski stečenom otpornošću (eng. systemic acquired resistance, SAR), koja se temelji na povećanom stupnju otpornosti distalnih tkiva u slučaju naknadne infekcije patogenim organizmom.The vast majority of fungi are saprophytes, which means they live by decomposing and recycling nutrients from dead plant material and make them available for plants to use again. There is a wide range of symbiotic interactions between plants and fungi that most often include mycorrhizae and endophytic fungi. Fewer fungal species have evolved towards pathogenicity with adverse effects on plants and they are classified as biotrophs, necrotrophs, and hemibiotrophs. The plant is protected by a cell wall that makes it difficult for the fungus to penetrate the cell so wounds or stomata are common places through which pathogens enter the plant. Cell wall enhancements such as lignification, suberinization, deposition of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, callose as well as cross-linking of cell wall proteins that strengthen plant mechanical barriers and limit pathogens in development are changes that occur at pathogen entry sites. Fungi secrete cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) that break down the cell wall and they possess specific infectious structures which vary widely depending on the type of fungus. Furthermore, they secrete effectors to interfere with the reactions of the basal plant defense mechanisms, but plants have also developed mechanisms to recognize such molecules. The recognition of these effectors in plants triggers defense reactions known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI) which results with a hypersensitive response in host plant (HR) and biosynthesis of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR). The rapid production of large quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the so-called oxidative burst, is inducing the production of a large number of PR proteins. Accumulation of PR proteins at the site of infection is usually associated with the systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which is based on the increased degree of resistance of distal tissues in the event of subsequent infection with a pathogenic organism

ULOGA E-CADHERINA U RANOM PREPOZNAVANJU OŠTEĆENJA SLUZNICE JEDNJAKA U GERB-u

CILJ: Pokušati utvrditi rana oštećenja sluznice jednjaka u vidu proširenja međustaničnih prostora (DIS) epitela distalnoga jednjaka pomoću imunohistokemijskog bojanja na transmembranske proteine. ISPITANICI I METODE: Presječno istraživanje provedeno na 15 ispitanika s refluksnim simptomima. Probir je izvršen na temelju GerdQ upitnika. Ključni podatci prikupljeni su videoendoskopijom, biopsijom i patohistološkom analizom uzoraka. Svim ispitanicima uzeta su po 4 uzorka sluznice distalnog jednjaka. Korišteno je imunohistokemijsko bojanje na transmembranske proteine e-cadherin i ß-catenin. Intezitet transmebranske obojenosti prihvaćen je kao pokazatelj kontinuiteta epitela, a time i proširenja međustaničnih prostora. REZULTATI: Među ispitanicima nije dokazan DIS. Dobivena je kod svih (100%) jaka transmembranska obojenost, kao neupitan znak očuvanosti kontinuiteta epitela. Manje od 50% ispitanika imalo je patohistološke promjene koje se mogu povezati s refluksom, tj. 46.7% je imalo hiperplaziju bazalnih stanica epitela i infiltraciju upalnim stanicama, a samo 20% izduženje stromalnih papila. ZAKLJUČCI: Imunohistokemijskim bojanjem na transmebranske proteine nije dokazano proširenje međustaničnih prostora, a i ostale histološke promjene zabilježene su samo u manjeg broja ispitanika. Sve to umanjuje vrijednost ove dijagnostike u endoskopski negativnoj fazi bolesti, daje prednost simptomatskom liječenju i ambulantnom praćenju bolesnika.OBJECTIVE: To determine the early esophageal mucosis changes manifested as dilatation of intercellular space (DIS) of distal esophageal epitelium by immunohistochemical staining of transmembrane proteins. METHODS: A cross - sectional study that enrolled 15 respondents with reflux symptoms. Screening was based on GerdQ questionnary. Key data were obtained by videoendoscopy, biopsy and patohistological sample analysis. 4 distal esophagus mucosis samples were taken from all respondents. Imunohistological staining of transmembrane proteins e-cadherin and β-catenin was used. The intensity of transmembrane staining was accepted as an indicator of the continuity of the epithelium, as well as dilatation of intercellular spaces. RESULTS: There was no evidence of DIS among the respondents. As indisputable sign of preservation of the continuity of the epithelium, strong transmembrane staining resulted in all (100%) respondents. Less than 50% of the respondents had patohistological changes that could be associated with reflux, 46.7% had basal epitel cell hiperplasia and infiltration of inflammatory cells, and only 20% of respondents had elongation of stromal papillae. CONCLUSIONS: Dilatation of intercellular space was not proven by immunohistochemical staining of transmembrane proteins, and the other histological changes were recorded with a smaller number of respondents. All this reduces the value of this particular diagnostic procedure in the endoscopic negative stage of the disease, and gives priority to symptomatic treatment, as well as ambulatory follow up of the patients

ULOGA E-CADHERINA U RANOM PREPOZNAVANJU OŠTEĆENJA SLUZNICE JEDNJAKA U GERB-u

CILJ: Pokušati utvrditi rana oštećenja sluznice jednjaka u vidu proširenja međustaničnih prostora (DIS) epitela distalnoga jednjaka pomoću imunohistokemijskog bojanja na transmembranske proteine. ISPITANICI I METODE: Presječno istraživanje provedeno na 15 ispitanika s refluksnim simptomima. Probir je izvršen na temelju GerdQ upitnika. Ključni podatci prikupljeni su videoendoskopijom, biopsijom i patohistološkom analizom uzoraka. Svim ispitanicima uzeta su po 4 uzorka sluznice distalnog jednjaka. Korišteno je imunohistokemijsko bojanje na transmembranske proteine e-cadherin i ß-catenin. Intezitet transmebranske obojenosti prihvaćen je kao pokazatelj kontinuiteta epitela, a time i proširenja međustaničnih prostora. REZULTATI: Među ispitanicima nije dokazan DIS. Dobivena je kod svih (100%) jaka transmembranska obojenost, kao neupitan znak očuvanosti kontinuiteta epitela. Manje od 50% ispitanika imalo je patohistološke promjene koje se mogu povezati s refluksom, tj. 46.7% je imalo hiperplaziju bazalnih stanica epitela i infiltraciju upalnim stanicama, a samo 20% izduženje stromalnih papila. ZAKLJUČCI: Imunohistokemijskim bojanjem na transmebranske proteine nije dokazano proširenje međustaničnih prostora, a i ostale histološke promjene zabilježene su samo u manjeg broja ispitanika. Sve to umanjuje vrijednost ove dijagnostike u endoskopski negativnoj fazi bolesti, daje prednost simptomatskom liječenju i ambulantnom praćenju bolesnika.OBJECTIVE: To determine the early esophageal mucosis changes manifested as dilatation of intercellular space (DIS) of distal esophageal epitelium by immunohistochemical staining of transmembrane proteins. METHODS: A cross - sectional study that enrolled 15 respondents with reflux symptoms. Screening was based on GerdQ questionnary. Key data were obtained by videoendoscopy, biopsy and patohistological sample analysis. 4 distal esophagus mucosis samples were taken from all respondents. Imunohistological staining of transmembrane proteins e-cadherin and β-catenin was used. The intensity of transmembrane staining was accepted as an indicator of the continuity of the epithelium, as well as dilatation of intercellular spaces. RESULTS: There was no evidence of DIS among the respondents. As indisputable sign of preservation of the continuity of the epithelium, strong transmembrane staining resulted in all (100%) respondents. Less than 50% of the respondents had patohistological changes that could be associated with reflux, 46.7% had basal epitel cell hiperplasia and infiltration of inflammatory cells, and only 20% of respondents had elongation of stromal papillae. CONCLUSIONS: Dilatation of intercellular space was not proven by immunohistochemical staining of transmembrane proteins, and the other histological changes were recorded with a smaller number of respondents. All this reduces the value of this particular diagnostic procedure in the endoscopic negative stage of the disease, and gives priority to symptomatic treatment, as well as ambulatory follow up of the patients

Kontrola sterilizacije - uloga bioloških indikatora (Controlling sterility: the role of biologic indicators)

 Sterilizacija je postupak kojim se uništavaju ili uklanjaju svi oblici i sve vrste mikroorganizama. "Sterilno" znaci slobodno od bilo koje kategorije života - obeskličeno. Sterilizacija i dezinfekcija su postupci koji se provode s ciljem da se spriječi razvoj i širenje infekcije.RAZLOG TESTIRANJA  Ministarstvo zdravstva je na temelju člana 58. Zakona o zaštiti pučanstva od zaraznih bolesti (N.N. 60./1992., 26./1993. i 29./94.) donijelo Pravilnik o uvjetima i načinu obavljanja mjera za sprječavanje i suzbijanje bolničkih infekcija (N.N.93./2002.).PROVJERA POSTUPKA STERILIZACIJE  Cilj testiranja je provjeriti uvjete u kojima se odvija sterilizacija. Provjerom postupaka se može procijeniti samo jesu li postignuti svi uvjeti za sterilizaciju. Je li neki predmet sterilan, može se dokazati jedino izravnim ispitivanjem sterilnosti predmeta koje se provodi točno propisanim mikrobiološkim metodama.Laboratorij za kontrolu sterilnosti i sterilizacije ZZJZ bavi se provjerom postupaka sterilizacije:a) uređaja za suhu sterilizacijub) uređaja za vlažnu sterilizacijuTRAJNA KONTROLA ISPRAVNOSTI RADA APARATA ZA STERILIZACIJU  Ova kontrola ovisi o vrsti sterilizacije. Provodi se sljedećim metodama:- fizikalnim metodama- kemijskim metodama- biološkim metodam

ULOGA E-CADHERINA U RANOM PREPOZNAVANJU OŠTEĆENJA SLUZNICE JEDNJAKA U GERB-u

CILJ: Pokušati utvrditi rana oštećenja sluznice jednjaka u vidu proširenja međustaničnih prostora (DIS) epitela distalnoga jednjaka pomoću imunohistokemijskog bojanja na transmembranske proteine. ISPITANICI I METODE: Presječno istraživanje provedeno na 15 ispitanika s refluksnim simptomima. Probir je izvršen na temelju GerdQ upitnika. Ključni podatci prikupljeni su videoendoskopijom, biopsijom i patohistološkom analizom uzoraka. Svim ispitanicima uzeta su po 4 uzorka sluznice distalnog jednjaka. Korišteno je imunohistokemijsko bojanje na transmembranske proteine e-cadherin i ß-catenin. Intezitet transmebranske obojenosti prihvaćen je kao pokazatelj kontinuiteta epitela, a time i proširenja međustaničnih prostora. REZULTATI: Među ispitanicima nije dokazan DIS. Dobivena je kod svih (100%) jaka transmembranska obojenost, kao neupitan znak očuvanosti kontinuiteta epitela. Manje od 50% ispitanika imalo je patohistološke promjene koje se mogu povezati s refluksom, tj. 46.7% je imalo hiperplaziju bazalnih stanica epitela i infiltraciju upalnim stanicama, a samo 20% izduženje stromalnih papila. ZAKLJUČCI: Imunohistokemijskim bojanjem na transmebranske proteine nije dokazano proširenje međustaničnih prostora, a i ostale histološke promjene zabilježene su samo u manjeg broja ispitanika. Sve to umanjuje vrijednost ove dijagnostike u endoskopski negativnoj fazi bolesti, daje prednost simptomatskom liječenju i ambulantnom praćenju bolesnika.OBJECTIVE: To determine the early esophageal mucosis changes manifested as dilatation of intercellular space (DIS) of distal esophageal epitelium by immunohistochemical staining of transmembrane proteins. METHODS: A cross - sectional study that enrolled 15 respondents with reflux symptoms. Screening was based on GerdQ questionnary. Key data were obtained by videoendoscopy, biopsy and patohistological sample analysis. 4 distal esophagus mucosis samples were taken from all respondents. Imunohistological staining of transmembrane proteins e-cadherin and β-catenin was used. The intensity of transmembrane staining was accepted as an indicator of the continuity of the epithelium, as well as dilatation of intercellular spaces. RESULTS: There was no evidence of DIS among the respondents. As indisputable sign of preservation of the continuity of the epithelium, strong transmembrane staining resulted in all (100%) respondents. Less than 50% of the respondents had patohistological changes that could be associated with reflux, 46.7% had basal epitel cell hiperplasia and infiltration of inflammatory cells, and only 20% of respondents had elongation of stromal papillae. CONCLUSIONS: Dilatation of intercellular space was not proven by immunohistochemical staining of transmembrane proteins, and the other histological changes were recorded with a smaller number of respondents. All this reduces the value of this particular diagnostic procedure in the endoscopic negative stage of the disease, and gives priority to symptomatic treatment, as well as ambulatory follow up of the patients

Influence of systematic inflammation on iron homeostasis during exacerbation and stabile chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Uvod: Glavni regulator sistemske homeostaze željeza je hepcidin, čiju sintezu reguliraju status željeza, upalni citokini, eritropoetska aktivnost, hipoksija i anemija. Cilj ovoga rada bio je ispitati povezanost između serumskog hepcidina i čimbenika koji ga reguliraju u skupini bolesnika s KOPB-om, da bi se ispitalo kako ovi čimbenici utječu na koncentraciju hepcidina i osiguravanje opskrbe željezom neophodnim za eritropoezu. Hipoteze istraživanja: koncentracija hepcidina u serumu bolesnika s KOPB-om promijenjena je u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu i mijenja se tijekom egzacerbacije u odnosu na stabilnu fazu bolesti; na koncentraciju hepcidina u KOPB-u utječu upala i/ili hipoksija. Metode i ispitanici: U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 40 bolesnika s KOPB-om i 30 zdravih ispitanika. U KOPB-u skupini parametri su longitudinalno praćeni u tri vremenske točke: u egzacerbaciji, fazi rezolucije i stabilnoj fazi bolesti. Svim ispitanicima određena je koncentracija hepcidina, pokazatelja statusa željeza (serumsko željezo, TIBC, saturacija transferina, feritin); pokazatelja upale (broj leukocita i neutrofilnih granulocita, IL-6 i CRP-a), eritropoetske aktivnosti (broj retikulocita, topivi transferinski receptor i eritropoetin) i koncentracija hemoglobina. Svim bolesnicima s KOPB-om određeni su parcijalni tlak kisika i saturacija hemoglobina kisikom kao pokazatelji hipoksije. Rezultati: Serumska koncentracija hepcidina bila je povišena u egzacerbaciji i stabilnoj fazi KOPB-a u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu, te je pozitivno korelirala s IL-6 i CRP-om. Koncentracija hepcidina je bila pozitivno povezana s feritinom i negativno s TIBC-om. Eritropoetska aktivnost, mjerena apsolutnim brojem retikulocita bila je u svim fazama istraživanja niža od kontrolne skupine, a negativna povezanost je pokazana u egzacerbaciji. Koncentracija hepcidina nije bila povezana s parametrima hipoksije. U kontrolnoj skupini hepcidin je korelirao samo s pokazateljima statusa željeza, negativno s TIBC-om i pozitivno s feritinom. Zaključak: Istraživanje je pokazalo da prisutna sistemska upala i povišena razina IL-6 u egzacerbaciji i stabilnoj fazi KOPB-a mogu biti odgovorne za opaženi porast koncentracije hepcidina. Porast koncentracije hepcidina mogao bi biti povezan s restriktivnom eritropoezom koja se očituje sniženim brojem retikulocita u svim fazama istraživanja, kao i snižavanju koncentracije hemoglobina u stabilnoj fazi bolesti. Dobiveni rezultati pružaju uvid u dinamičke promjene metabolizma željeza i povezanosti s razinom hepcidina. Sistemska upala prisutna kod velikog broja bolesnika s KOPB-om jača kako bolest napreduje, te bi porast razine IL-6 mogao voditi do daljnjeg porasta koncentracije hepcidina.Background: Hepcidin is the main regulator of systemic iron homeostasis, and its expression is modulated by iron status, hypoxia, erythroid factors and inflammation. The aim of this study was to examine a relationship between level of hepcidin and iron status, erythropoietic activity, hypoxia and inflammation in exacerbations and stable COPD. We hypothesized that hepcidin concentration is changed compared to control group and is changing in acute exacerbation compared to stable COPD; hepcidin concentration is substantially influenced by inflammation and/or hypoxia. Methods: The study included 40 COPD patients and 30 healthy subjects. In COPD group parameters were longitudinally monitored at three time points: at exacerbation, on resolution and in stable disease. We determined concentration of hepcidin and hemoglobin; parameters of iron status: serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin and calculated transferrin saturation. Soluble transferrin receptors, reticulocyte number (Rtc), and regulatory hormone erythropoietin were measured as indicators of erythropoietic activity. Systemic inflammation was assessed by determination of CRP, IL-6, and number of white blood cells and neutrophils. In COPD group partial oxygen pressure and haemoglobin oxygen saturation were determined. Results: Hepcidin was elevated in exacerbations and in a stable phase compared to the control group and we found positive correlations of hepcidin with inflammatory markers IL-6 and CRP. Hepcidin also correlated positively with ferritin and inversely with TIBC. Erythropoietic activity, measured by absolute Rtc number, was significantly reduced in COPD compared to the control group in all study phases, and negative correlation with hepcidin was established in exacerbation. In exacerbation and stable disease hepcidin correlated with ferritin and TIBC. No correlations were observed with indices of hypoxia. In the control group, positive associations were observed only with indices of iron status, positive with ferritin and negative one with TIBC. Conclusion: This study shows that elevated values of IL-6 present in exacerbations and stabile COPD might be responsible for the observed increased hepcidin level. These might be associated with restricted erythropoiesis as shown by lower number of reticulocytes and decreased level of haemoglobin at the stable phase. The results obtained might provide new insights into dynamic changes of iron metabolism and its relation to hepcidin level in COPD. Systemic inflammation present in majority of COPD patients increases over time as disease progresses so raising of IL-6 level could lead to further up-regulation of hepcidin

Plant defense responses against fungal pathogens

Velika većina gljiva su saprofiti, odnosno žive razgrađujući i reciklirajući hranjive tvari od mrtvog biljnog materijala kako bi ponovno postao dostupan biljkama. Postoji širok raspon simbiotskih interakcija biljaka i gljiva, a najčešće uključuju mikorizne i endofitne gljive. Manji broj vrsta gljiva razvio se u smjeru patogenosti sa štetnim učinkom na biljke, a klasificirane su kao biotrofi, nekrotrofi i hemibiotrofi. Biljka je zaštićena staničnom stijenkom koja otežava prodiranje gljive u stanicu pa su rane na biljci ili puči uobičajena mjesta kroz koja patogeni ulaze u biljku. Pojačanja stanične stijenke, poput lignifikacije, suberinizacije, taloženja glikoproteina bogatih hidroksiprolinom i kaloze te umrežavanje proteina stanične stijenke koji ojačavaju mehaničke barijere biljaka i ograničavaju patogene u razvoju, promjene su koje se događaju na mjestima ulaska patogena. Gljive izlučuju enzime koji razgrađuju staničnu stijenku i posjeduju specifične infekcijske strukture, koje se razlikuju ovisno o vrsti gljive. Nadalje, izlučuju efektore kako bi ometale reakcije bazalnih obrambenih mehanizama biljaka, ali biljke su također razvile mehanizme za prepoznavanje takvih molekula. Prepoznavanje efektora u biljkama pokreće obrambene reakcije poznate kao imunitet aktiviran efektorom (eng. effector-triggered immunity, ETI) što rezultira tzv. hipersenzitivnim odgovorom biljke (eng. hypersensitive response, HR) i biosintezom proteina povezanih s patogenezom (eng. pathogenesis-related, PR). Brza proizvodnja ogromnih količina reaktivnih kisikovih vrsta (eng. reactive oxygen species, ROS), takozvani oksidativni prasak, inducira produkciju velikog broja PR proteina. Akumulacija PR proteina na mjestu infekcije obično se povezuje sa sistemski stečenom otpornošću (eng. systemic acquired resistance, SAR), koja se temelji na povećanom stupnju otpornosti distalnih tkiva u slučaju naknadne infekcije patogenim organizmom.The vast majority of fungi are saprophytes, which means they live by decomposing and recycling nutrients from dead plant material and make them available for plants to use again. There is a wide range of symbiotic interactions between plants and fungi that most often include mycorrhizae and endophytic fungi. Fewer fungal species have evolved towards pathogenicity with adverse effects on plants and they are classified as biotrophs, necrotrophs, and hemibiotrophs. The plant is protected by a cell wall that makes it difficult for the fungus to penetrate the cell so wounds or stomata are common places through which pathogens enter the plant. Cell wall enhancements such as lignification, suberinization, deposition of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, callose as well as cross-linking of cell wall proteins that strengthen plant mechanical barriers and limit pathogens in development are changes that occur at pathogen entry sites. Fungi secrete cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) that break down the cell wall and they possess specific infectious structures which vary widely depending on the type of fungus. Furthermore, they secrete effectors to interfere with the reactions of the basal plant defense mechanisms, but plants have also developed mechanisms to recognize such molecules. The recognition of these effectors in plants triggers defense reactions known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI) which results with a hypersensitive response in host plant (HR) and biosynthesis of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR). The rapid production of large quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the so-called oxidative burst, is inducing the production of a large number of PR proteins. Accumulation of PR proteins at the site of infection is usually associated with the systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which is based on the increased degree of resistance of distal tissues in the event of subsequent infection with a pathogenic organism

Laboratory medicine in pandemic of COVID-19

After the outbreak in China in the year 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) quickly spread around the world causing a protracted pandemic. Approximately one-third of infections appear to be asymptomatic. Symptomatic disease is characterized primarily by symptoms of respiratory tract infection of varying severity. But Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is much more than an acute respiratory disease because SARS-CoV-2 affects many organs inducing a vast number of symptoms such as cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, dermatological, with numerous complications. Short and long-term effects of infection, severe ones, and especially mild forms of the disease which affect a huge number of patients need to be further investigated. Laboratory medicine has a crucial role in early diagnosis of the disease, recognition of the patients who need hospital care, and close monitoring of hospitalized patients to timely identify associated clinical complications as well as follow-up of patients with long-term COVID-19

The retention of phenolic compounds in blackthorn flower extract powders produced by spray drying

Proizvodnja prahova biljnih ekstrakata postupkom sušenja raspršivanjem jedan je od učinkovitih načina očuvanja bioaktivnih svojstava. Cilj ovog rada bio je primjenom sušenja raspršivanjem proizvesti prah ekstrakta cvijeta trnine te utvrditi utjecaj temperature (120-180 ºC), omjera nosača i suhe tvari ekstrakta (0,7-2) i udjela arapske gume (0,2-0,8) na sadržaj suhe tvari, koncentraciju ukupnih i površinskih fenola te enkapsulacijski kapacitet. Povećanjem temperature, sadržaj suhe tvari se povećava, a koncentracija površinskih fenola smanjuje. Niži udjel arapske gume u nosaču utječe na povećanje suhe tvari i koncentracije ukupnih fenola. Povećanje omjera nosača i suhe tvari pozitivno utječe na enkapsulacijski kapacitet jer je zabilježeno smanjenje koncentracije površinskih fenola i porast koncentracije ukupnih fenola. Pri optimalnim uvjetima sušenja (temperatura 200,45 ºC, omjer nosača i suhe tvari 1,96:1 te udio AG 0) dobiven je prah najboljih svojstava u kojem je sadržaj suhe tvari iznosio 99,65 %, maseni udio ukupnih fenola 114,35 mg GAE/g s. tv. e., maseni udio površinskih fenola 7,45 mg GAE/g s. tv. e. te enkapsulacijski kapacitet 93,99 %.The production of herbal extracts by spray drying is one of the most effective ways of preserving bioactive properties. The aim of this study was to produce powder from blackthorn flower extract by spray drying and to determinate the effect of temperature (120-180 ºC), carrier: solid content ratio (0,7-2) and arabic gum proportion (0,2-0,8) on the dry matter content, total and surface phenolic concentration and encapsulation efficiency. Increased temperature was followed by increased dry matter content and decreased surface phenolic concentration. Decreased arabic gum proportion in the carrier influenced the increase of dry matter and total phenolic concentration. Increasing of the carrier: solid content ratio positively affected on encapsulation efficiency because there was also noted that surface phenolic concentration decreased and total phenolic concentration increased. Spray drying in optimal conditions (temperature 200,45 ºC, carrier: solid content ratio 1,96:1 and arabic gum proportion 0) resulted with powder of the best properties that contained 99,65 % dry matter, mass fraction of total phenolics 114,35 mg GAE/g s. tv. e., mass fraction of surface phenolics 7,45 mg GAE/g s. tv. e. and 93,99 % encapsulation efficiency