Prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors among children aged between six to fifty nine months in Bule Hora district, South Ethiopia

Background: More than one-third of deaths during the first five years of life are attributed to undernutrition, which are mostly preventable through economic development and public health measures. To alleviate this problem, it is necessary to determine the nature, magnitude and determinants of undernutrition. However, there is lack of evidence in agro-pastoralist communities like Bule Hora district. Therefore, this study assessed magnitude and factors associated with undernutrition in children who are 6-59 months of age in agro-pastoral community of Bule Hora District, South Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the magnitude and factors associated with undernutrition in children between 6-59 months. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 796 children paired with their mothers. Anthropometric measurements and determinant factors were collected. SPSS version 16.0 statistical software was used for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated to nutritional status of the children Statistical association was declared significant if p-value was less than 0.05. Results: Among study participants, 47.6%, 29.2% and 13.4% of them were stunted, underweight, and wasted respectively. Presence of diarrhea in the past two weeks, male sex, uneducated fathers and > 4 children ever born to a mother were significantly associated with being underweight. Presence of diarrhea in the past two weeks, male sex and pre-lacteal feeding were significantly associated with stunting. Similarly, presence of diarrhea in the past two weeks, age at complementary feed was started and not using family planning methods were associated to wasting. Conclusion: Undernutrition is very common in under-five children of Bule Hora district. Factors associated to nutritional status of children in agro-pastoralist are similar to the agrarian community. Diarrheal morbidity was associated with all forms of Protein energy malnutrition. Family planning utilization decreases the risk of stunting and underweight. Feeding practices (pre-lacteal feeding and complementary feeding practice) were also related to undernutrition. Thus, nutritional intervention program in Bule Hora district in Ethiopia should focus on these factors

Factors Affecting the Perception of Farmers on Improved Soybean Varieties in Bako Area, West Shewa, Ethiopia

Soybean is one of the most important pulse crops categorized under oil crop.  Ethiopia has an enormous potential for production of pulse crops in general and soybean in particular and it is also among the most important export crops. Despite the high production potential and the economic importance of the crop, soybean producers particularly small scale farmers did not economically benefited significant amount from its production. as such Low production and productivity, which is mainly associated with perception of farmers on improved technologies and poor marketing system. To this end, the objectives of this study were: to examine and document the experience of  perception farmers on improved soybean varieties, analyse the determining factors that affect the perception of improved soybean production and assess the perception of farmers about improved soybean crop. Two stage sampling procedure were followed to select rural kebeles and households for the study. Four rural kebeles were selected purposively and 120 household heads were selected randomly using probability proportional to size sampling. Semi-Structured interview schedule were developed, pre-tested and used for collecting the essential quantitative data for the study from the sampled households. Focus group discussions on soybean production and marketing were used to generate qualitative data. The result of the study indicated that about 51.7% of the sample respondents were positive perception of the improved soybean varieties, while 48.3 % negative perceptions. The focuses of the study were on the importance of demographic, social and institutional factors that affect the perception of improved soybean varieties in Bako areas. Therefore, policy and development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider perception increased productivity and income to small scale farmers Keywords: Perception, Soybean, Bako DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/94-02 Publication date: February 29th 202

Pre-Extension Demonstration and Evaluation of Donkey Drawn Multi-Purpose Cart in Gola Oda District of East Hararghe Zone

Pre-extension demonstration of donkey drawn cart with the objectives of promoting and popularize donkey drawn cart technology and to create awareness, improving farmers knowledge and skills through giving training. Two FREGs having 40 farmers per kebele were established at Jiddo Misra and Dima Misra. Training on which a total of 81 participants part were organized at Jiddo Misra and Dima Misra of Gola Oda district. 81.5% of the participants were farmers out of which 18.1% female farmers participated on the training. The use of donkeys for pulling carts enables larger quantities of goods to be transported and also helps farmers to earn income by hiring it out. The participants in the technology demonstration activities preferred this technology than the traditional one as single donkey can draw up to five quintals at once. Keywords: Demonstration, Donkey Drawn Cart, Technology, Gola Oda District DOI: 10.7176/ISDE/12-5-01 Publication date:August 31st 202

Pre-extension Demonstration and Evaluation of Engine Driven Sorghum Thrasher Technology in the Selected AGP-II Districts of Harari region and Dire Dawa Administration

An engine driven sorghum thresher was designed and developed in Fedis Agricultural Research Center with a view to increase the threshing efficiency, threshing capacity and to reduce the cost of threshing in comparison with traditional methods of threshing sorghum crop. The machine was demonstrated in Harari Region and Dire Dawa administration council. The result indicated that the average efficiency, output capacity were 88.97 to 97.08%, 6 to 8.36qt/ha and grain damage less than 1%.Sorghum is also the most widely cultivated and consumed cereals in Ethiopia. According to (CSA, 2008), it ranks third after maize and tef in total production, after maize in yield per hectare and after tef and maize in area harvested. Currently sorghum is produced by 5million holders and its production is estimated to be 4 million metric tons from nearly 2million hectares of land giving the national average grain yield of around 2 tons per hectares (CSA, 2012). In fact sorghum is not only drought-resistant, it can also withstand periods of water logging (Taylor, 2010).Hence Fadis Agricultural Research Center developed complete sorghum threshing machine and demonstrate to overcome sorghum threshing challenges such as beating with stick, moving tractor on sorghum as it take longtime, consume human energy consuming, hardly detach the grain from sorghum head, thereby decreasing tremendous sorghum grain post-harvest loss because of traditional threshing  method Keywords: Sorghum Thrasher, Engine driven, Demonstration, Harari and Dire Dawa DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/97-05 Publication date:May 31st 202

Pre-extension Demonstration and Evaluation of Engine Maize Sheller Technology in the Selected AGP-II Districts of Harari Region and Dire Dawa Administration

The pre-extension demonstration of engine driven maize sheller helps to separate maize from the cob. The fabricated design consists of a body casing, drum, shelling unit, grain and cob discharge unit, machine frame, hopper (Feeding chute), bearing as some of the major component, It is powered by Honda motor connected the shelling unit. The machines were fabricated by Fadis agricultural research center were demonstrated and found to be about 95.88-97.2% efficient with output capacity of about 1800 -2000kg/hr. The design is relatively cheap, simple and portable when compared to imported product of similar capacity. Two FRGs containing 80 farmers were established and one machine per FRG was given for free to create wider awareness. Keywords: Maize Sheller, Engine driven, Demonstration, Harari and Dire Dawa DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/97-03 Publication date:May 31st 202

An Assessment of Urban and Per-Urban Household’s Perception and Attitude to Participate for Urban Forest Conservation Practice in Assosa Woreda, Western Ethiopia

Urban forest provides environmental, social, and economic benefits to urban resident. Despite all these importance to the livelihood of the urban communities, urban forests in Assosa Woreda are facing manmade and natural challenges. Therefore; this study was intended for the assessment of urban and per-urban households’ attitude to participate for conservation of urban forest ecosystem; in Assosa woreda, Western Ethiopia with the specific objectives of analyzing urban and per-urban residents’ attitudes toward urban trees and supporting urban tree conservation programs and assessing attitude of urban and per-urban households toward willingness to donate money for urban forest conservation program. Data for the study were gathered from both primary and secondary sources through semi structured questioner via face to face interview. Besides, data was collected using household survey, focus group discussion, and key informant interviews. Multistage random-sampling procedure were used in selecting 392 respondent followed by a probability proportional to size. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and econometric model. From the total sampled households 84% of the respondents recognized that urban trees provide positive values, including aesthetics, shade, and improved air quality to people and their communities. Many Assosa town residents have performed at least one type of tree care activity. It is surprising to note that 43% strongly believed that tree topping is a legitimate tree care option, with an additional 38% stating that they somewhat agreed with this practice. The result from ordered probit model indicated that household's residential location, education level, total annual income and access to credit had positive significant effects on willing to donate money for urban forest conservation and sex of the respondent had a negative and significant effect on willingness to donate money for urban forest conservation. The study shows that the urban and  per-urban households has positive attitude with willingness of donating money toward urban forestry conservation programs and they have important attitudinal and behavioral information that can help local decision makers to increase the efficiency of urban forest supply, maintenance, and promotion.  As policy implications, an effort would be needed to strengthen literacy which increase urban households awareness about the importance of conservation practice and credit facilities expansion is important. Keywords: Urban Forest, Conservation, Cash, Ordered probit, Households, Willingness to donate. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/14-15-02 Publication date:October 31st 202

Extent and Dynamics of Food Insecurity: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in Assosa District, Western Ethiopia

Purpose: Most of the African countries including Ethiopia are often characterized by problems of food insecurity. Despite several efforts made so far to improve the overall food insecurity situation, the challenge is still prevalent problem in Ethiopia.  Hence the study was conducted with the specific objectives of examining the extent and dynamics of food insecurity in Assosa district, Western Ethiopia. Methodology: Data were collected from 138 randomly selected households in four randomly selected kebeles of the district. Besides, data was collected using household survey, focus group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews. Data was analyzed using food consumption score and qualitative analysis. Findings: Based on world food program to calculate the food consumption score FCS results of food group, out of total respondents 81.16 percent of food insecurity household were poor food consumption groups. The other remaining 7.25 percent and 11.59 percent of food security households were borderline and acceptable food consumption group, respectively. This indicated that the extent of food insecurity of the households is high because most of households were found poor food consumption group. The result shows that between 2018 and 2019 food secure households declined from 42% to 38.41%, and food insecure households increased from 58% to 61.59%. Between 2020 and 2021, the proportion of food secure households declined from 21.74% to 18.84%, whereas the proportion of food insecure households increased from 78.26% to 81.16%. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Food security issues at the Assosa district require more in-depth and continued study outputs and proper use and implementation of the information gained as the area are found to be influenced by several, interlocked and site specific dynamic that, of course, require immediate and coordinated attention from different stakeholders

Assessment of Levels of Community Awareness to Effects of Forest Degradation and their Environmental Management Practices in Jimma Zone, South western Ethiopia

This study aimed to assess the levels of community awareness to the environmental effects of growing use of forest product for peoples’ livelihood and their management practices in Jimma Zone. Thus, local farming communities, Development Agents (DA), Agriculture and Natural resource, Forest and Environmental Protection Officials & Experts are the participant of this study. The study employed descriptive survey research design and both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collections were employed. To assess community environmental awareness survey questionnaire questions (both open and close ended) were distributed for 240 sample respondents. An interview with10 Key informant interviews were also conducted with the head of natural resource management offices of selected woredas and six development agents (DA) in sample selected kebeles and four focus group discussions (FDG) consisted of 10 members were also employed to collect qualitative data.The findings show that all the respondents aware of forest and natural resource degradation about (87%) and (75.4%) were aware of clearing of forest to expand farmland for growing population and cutting trees for fuel wood, charcoal and other forest productsrespectively. Only very few of the respondents were indicate that lack of community awareness to sustainable use and management of forest resource (44.5%)and lack of clear understanding of forest laws and regulation among the community (40.4%)as a cause of deforestation. Therefore, the assessment of community awareness to forest resource degradation survey result shows that all of the farmers in the study area have been aware of natural resource and environmental degradation. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that there is a need of modifying educational/training programs for local communities considering the existing knowledge and practices in a particular area

Assessing the Impediments of Good Governance Practices in Local Government Administration; Case Study in Jimma Town, Ethiopia

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the impediments of good governance practice in Jimma town in particular emphasis on Ginjo and Mendera kochi kebelle administrations. To realize the intended objectives of the paper case study research design was employed. The necessary data for this study was collected from primary and secondary sources. In this case, primary data were collected from respondents through focus group discussion (FGD), in-depth interview and key informant interviewees. On the other hand, secondary sources of data have taken from document analysis technique. In addition, even if the challenge of good governance is the concern of the town as a whole, for the purpose of this study, Ginjo and Mendera kochi kebelles were selected based on the good judgment of researchers considering the level of severity of maladministration. Besides, the data collected from primary and secondary sources was analyzed in the form of qualitative approach and described in words. Moreover, the findings of this study reveal that local government administration lacked the courage to enforce the law and policies to enhance good governance. As a result, good governance practice in the study area is characterized by poor structural performance, lack of transparency and accountability, inactive administrative responses, low participatory system, inability to provide shelter for the poor, corruption, unemployment and Insufficient budget allocation

Centralized server monitoring implementation using zabbix for system administrator access network management (ANM) Telekom Malaysia Berhad / Putra Omar Teha

Readiness Element Management System (EMS) to monitor access network is critical to TM business. To meet this need the centralized system is needed to monitor the set of servers that have run in various platforms. The latest direction the company want existing workforce can be optimized based on the current business situation. This situation has forced the management of the company to reduce the number of employees in certain parts and lead to labor shortages and the increasing number of systems that need to be taken care of them. This project has been implemented to meet the needs of a System Administrator Telekom Malaysia (TM) representing the administrator to access network systems in Telekom Malaysia (TM). The aim is to lighten the burden on the operator of the system in matters related to the administration systems with a variety of technologies and applications. This project use Zabbix platform is an open source system that is easy to use and does not require high costs for implementation. This has been of interest to me to use Zabbix in implementing a centralized system for monitoring systems that are in inventory TM especially involving access network. With the completion of this project System Administrator will receive an early warning about the state the server via email processed by Zabbix server. Therefore it can help System Administrators to reduce downtime due to hardware damage, system intrusion and other conditions that can cause a system that does not function properly